Sentences with phrase «which sea surface water»

Not exact matches

For, was the surface of the earth even and level, and the middle parts of its islands and continents not mountainous and high as now it is, it is most certain there could be no descent for the rivers, no conveyance for the waters; but, instead of gliding along those gentle declivities which the higher lands now afford them quite down to the sea, they would stagnate and perhaps stink, and also drown large tracts of land.

Finally, narwhals scan vertically as they dive, which could help them find patches of open water where they can surface and breathe amid sea ice cover.

The tiny moon Enceladus, which has a liquid sea below its icy surface and spews geysers of water into space, set behind Saturn as Cassini watched:

Geysers and deep - sea vents are hydrothermal phenomena in which water, heated and pressurized by molten rock, is released through vents at the land surface or into the oceans.

But last year, Arrigo and his team noted a proliferation of pools of water, known as melt ponds, on the surface of the Chukchi Sea ice, which were also a few meters thinner than in past years.

But a reduction in the number and intensity of large hurricanes driving ocean waters on shore — such as this month's Hurricane Joaquin, seen, which reached category 4 strength — may also play a role by cooling sea - surface temperatures that fuel the growth of these monster storms, the team notes.

The team discovered that internal waves are generated daily from internal tides, which also occur below the ocean surface, and grow larger as the water is pushed westward through the Luzon Strait into the South China Sea.

It's unclear whether this year's strong El Niño event, which is a naturally occurring phenomenon that typically occurs every two to seven years where the surface water of the eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean warms, has had any impact on the Arctic sea ice minimum extent.

Some of these biomarkers are produced by certain species of algae, among which one group can only be found in open surface water, while the members of another group only live in sea ice (or did so in the Earth's distant past).

This is an important finding because current estimates of biological activity in surface waters of the ocean rely on instruments aboard satellites that measure the color of the sea surface, which changes along with levels of chlorophyll - a, an assessment that will miss blooms of other organisms, such as bacteria.

«These calcifying algae evidence two rapid decreases in the salt content, at approximately 8,400 and again 7,600 years ago, which can only be explained by the fact that a higher volume of low - saline surface water flowed from the Black Sea into the northern Aegean at these times.

Other research has found that sea ice is a natural reservoir of iron, which is captured by ice crystals as they form in deeper water and float to the surface.

But when sea ice melts, it exposes the darker surface of the underlying water, which absorbs solar energy.

Unlike shallow - water corals, which rely on photosynthetic algae and sunlight to grow, deep - sea corals get energy from filtering organic material that falls from the surface.

Climate change made it 175 times more likely that the surface waters of the Coral Sea, which off the Queensland coastline is home to Australia's Great Barrier Reef, would reach the record - breaking temperatures last month that bleached reefs, modeling analysis showed.

Underneath the water's surface though, is a kaleidoscope of coral and other aquatic life including tropical fish, dolphins, manta rays, sea turtles and giant clams, which you can swim with.

The west coast of Victoria once inspired fear, sailors spoke of wild seas and dangerous rocks, of reefs which lay beneath the surface of the water, of steep cliffs and heavy mists.

This atmosphere of timelessness and of nature's perpetuity is also apparent in works such as Priscilla Bowden's Shinnecock Inlet (oil on canvas, 1977), Rae Ferren's The Water Garden (oil on canvas, 1978), and Bill Durham's powerfully evocative Under Accabonac (acrylic on canvas, 1973), which illustrates the power of abstraction in conjuring the invisible maelstrom that exists beneath the surface of the seas.

-- As it turns out, nature has provided humanity with an «escape hatch» from this conundrum, which is a means to cool the surface of the planet with the same techniques as nature uses to cool overheated tropical sea water.

Observations of the humidity in the upper troposphere and its relation with sea surface temperature in areas of deep convection point to an overall positive climate feedback by water vapour in the upper troposphere, which is inconsistent with the Iris effect.

Sea ice is critical for polar marine ecosystems in at least two important ways: (1) it provides a habitat for photosynthetic algae and nursery ground for invertebrates and fish during times when the water column does not support phytoplankton growth; and (2) as the ice melts, releasing organisms into the surface water [3], a shallow mixed layer forms which fosters large ice - edge blooms important to the overall productivity of polar seas.

Re 9 wili — I know of a paper suggesting, as I recall, that enhanced «backradiation» (downward radiation reaching the surface emitted by the air / clouds) contributed more to Arctic amplification specifically in the cold part of the year (just to be clear, backradiation should generally increase with any warming (aside from greenhouse feedbacks) and more so with a warming due to an increase in the greenhouse effect (including feedbacks like water vapor and, if positive, clouds, though regional changes in water vapor and clouds can go against the global trend); otherwise it was always my understanding that the albedo feedback was key (while sea ice decreases so far have been more a summer phenomenon (when it would be warmer to begin with), the heat capacity of the sea prevents much temperature response, but there is a greater build up of heat from the albedo feedback, and this is released in the cold part of the year when ice forms later or would have formed or would have been thicker; the seasonal effect of reduced winter snow cover decreasing at those latitudes which still recieve sunlight in the winter would not be so delayed).

When the sea - ice forms, the freezing process rejects brine, which has a higher density than the surface waters and which sinks to the continental shelf.

New observations from the North Sea, a NW European shelf sea, show that between 2001 and 2005 the CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) in surface waters rose by 22 matm, thus faster than atmospheric pCO2, which in the same period rose approximately 11 maSea, a NW European shelf sea, show that between 2001 and 2005 the CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) in surface waters rose by 22 matm, thus faster than atmospheric pCO2, which in the same period rose approximately 11 masea, show that between 2001 and 2005 the CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) in surface waters rose by 22 matm, thus faster than atmospheric pCO2, which in the same period rose approximately 11 matm.

Craig (1957a), p. 2; for the large number («the surface waters can absorb only a small fraction of the extra CO2 in a period of several hundred years»), see Plass (1956), p. 149; the small number was from Dingle (1954), who used an 1899 measurement of water mixed with ordinary salt, which behaves very differently from the more chemically complicated sea water.

If we are talking about the majority of the Earths surface, which is overlaid by water, then the near surface temperature is completely ignored, in favour of a notional sea surface temperature.

This large amount of freshwater to the ocean could stop vertical deep sea currents which depend on a starting from surface downwards on a delicate balance between fresh and salty water and temperatures.

(2) there is verifiable concurrent increasing cyanobacterial productivity in these waters AND the emergence of two strands (consortia) of bacteria which bloom twice a year (unlike the SH below 30 S) thereby increasing the proportion of the year in which the sea surface is affected.

If the magnitudes of El Nino events are greater than the magnitudes of an equal number of La Ninas, which they have been, sea surface temperatures for Australian waters should rise, and they did.

Additionally, the less sea ice covers the surface of the ocean, the more sunlight is absorbed by the water, which scientists warn could accelerate the Arctic's warming.

Based on evidence from Earth's history, we suggest here that the relevant form of climate sensitivity in the Anthropocene (e.g. from which to base future greenhouse gas (GHG) stabilization targets) is the Earth system sensitivity including fast feedbacks from changes in water vapour, natural aerosols, clouds and sea ice, slower surface albedo feedbacks from changes in continental ice sheets and vegetation, and climate — GHG feedbacks from changes in natural (land and ocean) carbon sinks.

SLR satellite data includes things such as the «GIA Adjustment» — which is the amount of SLR that there would have been if the ocean basin hadn't increased in volume and in the case of this new study, how much higher the sea surface would have been if it had not been suppressed by the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption, another correction for ENSO / PDO «computed via a joint cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function (CSEOF) analysis of altimeter GMSL, GRACE land water storage, and Argo - based thermosteric sea level from 2005 to present», as well as other additions and adjustments — NONE OF WHICH can actually be found manifested in any change to the physical Sea Surface Height.&rwhich is the amount of SLR that there would have been if the ocean basin hadn't increased in volume and in the case of this new study, how much higher the sea surface would have been if it had not been suppressed by the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption, another correction for ENSO / PDO «computed via a joint cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function (CSEOF) analysis of altimeter GMSL, GRACE land water storage, and Argo - based thermosteric sea level from 2005 to present», as well as other additions and adjustments — NONE OF WHICH can actually be found manifested in any change to the physical Sea Surface Height.&raqsea surface would have been if it had not been suppressed by the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption, another correction for ENSO / PDO «computed via a joint cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function (CSEOF) analysis of altimeter GMSL, GRACE land water storage, and Argo - based thermosteric sea level from 2005 to present», as well as other additions and adjustments — NONE OF WHICH can actually be found manifested in any change to the physical Sea Surface Height.surface would have been if it had not been suppressed by the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption, another correction for ENSO / PDO «computed via a joint cyclostationary empirical orthogonal function (CSEOF) analysis of altimeter GMSL, GRACE land water storage, and Argo - based thermosteric sea level from 2005 to present», as well as other additions and adjustments — NONE OF WHICH can actually be found manifested in any change to the physical Sea Surface Height.&raqsea level from 2005 to present», as well as other additions and adjustments — NONE OF WHICH can actually be found manifested in any change to the physical Sea Surface Height.&rWHICH can actually be found manifested in any change to the physical Sea Surface Height.&raqSea Surface Height.Surface Height.»

HONG KONG (Reuters)- Melting of the Arctic sea ice due to global warming is diluting surface waters and this is endangering some species of shellfish which need minerals in the water to form their shells and skeletons, scientists have found.

It is created by the hot salt surface water from the Caribbean, which drives north of Scotland and further north west of Norway to Sea of Greenland.

Usually, surface melt and ice flow (as glaciers calve into the sea) are the two ways in which Greenland (and other places, like Canada) contribute water to the ocean.

The paper discusses that melting ice will decrease the salinity of the ocean waters around Antarctica, which will cause decreased mixing with the relatively warmer deep ocean waters, reducing sea surface temperatures, causing more sea ice to form.

5) As a consequence, the partial pressure of CO2 has been rising in these as sinks acting surface waters, which has been making CO2 absorption from the atmosphere to the sea surface sinks become slower.

For instance during glaciation there have been influenced by two causes: cooling surface waters dissolve more CO2 from atmosphere and a colder climate makes CO2 emitting from biosphere to increase, in which the dissolving of CO2 to sea surface wins the emission of CO2 from biosphere to atmosphere.

Although the surface is now cooler again, the skies are also clear which again allows more sun through to warm the seas which produces more water vapour which rises to form clouds, and so on and so on.

This is considered less reliable in the summer due the presence of surface melt water which the satellites can not distinguish from sea water.

''... worked with two sediment cores they extracted from the seabed of the eastern Norwegian Sea, developing a 1000 - year proxy temperature record «based on measurements of δ18O in Neogloboquadrina pachyderma, a planktonic foraminifer that calcifies at relatively shallow depths within the Atlantic waters of the eastern Norwegian Sea during late summer,» which they compared with the temporal histories of various proxies of concomitant solar activity... This work revealed, as the seven scientists describe it, that «the lowest isotope values (highest temperatures) of the last millennium are seen ~ 1100 - 1300 A.D., during the Medieval Climate Anomaly, and again after ~ 1950 A.D.» In between these two warm intervals, of course, were the colder temperatures of the Little Ice Age, when oscillatory thermal minima occurred at the times of the Dalton, Maunder, Sporer and Wolf solar minima, such that the δ18O proxy record of near - surface water temperature was found to be «robustly and near - synchronously correlated with various proxies of solar variability spanning the last millennium,» with decade - to century - scale temperature variability of 1 to 2 °C magnitude.»

«Ocean surface temperatures — water temperatures are in the mid to upper 30s, which doesn't sound that warm but is well above the freezing point of sea water, which is about 29 degrees Fahrenheit.

Sea surface temperatures were warm in coast areas, but near - freezing in the open water areas within the ice pack, which is expected given the recent ice melt in that region (Figure 7).

As the Antarctic sea ice reached record levels, scientists floated several hypotheses, including possible changes in the ozone hole over Antarctica, or increased amounts of fresh water — which freezes more easily — on the surface of the ocean around Antarctica.

And older climate models did not include dynamic ice sheet vulnerabilities — like high latent - heat ocean water coming into contact with the submerged faces of sea - fronting glaciers, the ability of surface melt water to break up glaciers by pooling into cracks and forcing them apart (hydrofracturing), or the innate rigidity and frailty of steep ice cliffs which render them susceptible to rapid toppling.

Cryosphere All regions on and beneath the surface of the Earth and ocean where water is in solid form, including sea ice, lake ice, river ice, snow cover, glaciers and ice sheets, and frozen ground (which includes permafrost).

Haloclines are formed by summer melt water which is lower in salinity than the ocean and spreads over the surface as it can not penetrate the less dense, low salinity Arctic sea water.

At the same time, they point towards below normal ice extent in the Barents / Kara Sea, also compared to the record minimum in 2007, which they see coupled to oceanic processes and promoting further warming of surface waters in the region.

«The hemispheric - mean decline in winter ice extent is due in large part to increasing sea - surface temperatures in the Barents Sea and adjoining waters, which are consistent with increased concentrations of greenhouse gases.&raqsea - surface temperatures in the Barents Sea and adjoining waters, which are consistent with increased concentrations of greenhouse gases.&raqSea and adjoining waters, which are consistent with increased concentrations of greenhouse gases.»

Water that travels past under - sea volcanism will dissolve sulphur ions which reduce its pH. This low pH water will reach the ocean surface centuries later and thus will reduce the pH of the surface layer with resulting increase to atmospheric CO2 concentraWater that travels past under - sea volcanism will dissolve sulphur ions which reduce its pH. This low pH water will reach the ocean surface centuries later and thus will reduce the pH of the surface layer with resulting increase to atmospheric CO2 concentrawater will reach the ocean surface centuries later and thus will reduce the pH of the surface layer with resulting increase to atmospheric CO2 concentration.