Sentences with phrase «which synaptic»

This project will increase our fundamental knowledge of the synapse and will shed light on the physiopathology of several neuropsychiatric illnesses in which synaptic defects are at the core of the disease.

Building on their previous work that identified and activated memory cells, a group led by RIKEN Brain Science Institute and RIKEN - MIT Center Director Susumu Tonegawa has now shown that spines — small knobs on brain - cell dendrites through which synaptic connections are formed — are essential for memory retrieval in these AD mice.

Hence, understanding how synaptic pruning occurs may shed light on neurodevelopmental disorders and on neurodegenerative diseases in which a synaptic pruning gone awry may contribute to pathological synapse loss.»

Both of these aspects (security and speed) are aspects which Synaptics hopes will differentiate the FS9500 from more modern biometric implementations, such as face and iris recognition.

Not exact matches

According to the University of Michigan Health System, cocoa may boost serotonin, which is the neurotransmitter that antidepressants enable to allow reside in the synaptic cleft.

Thus, the closed conformation of syntaxin - 1 gates the initiation of the synaptic vesicle fusion reaction, which is then mediated by SNARE - complex / Munc18 -1 assemblies.

Slow - acting neurotransmitters control the efficacy of fast synaptic transmission by regulating the efficiency of neurotransmitter release from presynaptic terminals and by regulating the efficiency with which fast - acting neurotransmitters produce their effects on postsynaptic receptors.

These properties, which are believed to be important for the induction of long - term changes in synaptic strength, are imparted by asparagine residues in a putative channel - forming segment of the protein, transmembrane 2 (TM2).

This finding is in accordance with earlier animal model studies, which have shown that physical activity increases the amount of growth factors in the brain and improves synaptic plasticity.

Geoff Hinton, a leading neural networking theorist, argues the hardware is useless without the proper «learning algorithm» spelling out which factors change the strength of the synaptic connections and by how much.

In summary, we believe that this is a groundbreaking study that opens new lines of inquiry which will increase understanding of the molecular details of synaptic function in health and disease.»

They used a somewhat bizarre technique in which two mice were sutured together in such as way that they shared a circulatory system (known as parabiosis), and found old mice joined to their youthful counterparts showed changes in gene activity in a brain region called the hippocampus as well as increased neural connections and enhanced «synaptic plasticity» — a mechanism believed to underlie learning and memory in which the strength of neural connections change in response to experience.

Most researchers interpret this activity as the brain slowly reinforcing synaptic connections that already exist, but Tononi noticed that after each wave, the brain goes completely silent, which never happens when we're awake.

It occurs when one neuron fires closely after another, which strengthens their synaptic connection and makes it slightly more likely the first will trigger the second in the future.

Damage in the glutamate pathway, which regulates synaptic plasticity, has been linked to disturbances in goal - directed behavior and habit formation.

In fact, compared with ethanol, which enhances synaptic plasticity only after long - term use, «stress can do the same job more rapidly,» Morikawa says.

For instance, every time we learn something, the new information is transformed into memory through synaptic plasticity, a process in which synapses are strengthened and become more responsive to different stimuli or environmental cues.

The brain is a soft, squishy organ, which has evolved over millions of years, and its synaptic connections are not electronic but electrochemical (hence our sluggish ability to solve equations, compared with a computer's speed).

According to Dr. Oh, these findings suggest a model in which GABA is the common molecule that sets the balance between inhibitory and excitatory synaptic contacts in early postnatal stages.

In ARHGAP33 KO mice, TrkB is not sufficiently transported to synaptic sites due to the lack of ARHGAP33, which eventually leads to impaired synaptic functions and behaviors.

The artificial synaptic TFT consisted of indium zinc oxide (IZO), as both a channel and a gate electrode, separated by a 550 - nanometre - thick film of nanogranular silicon dioxide electrolyte, which was fabricated using a process known as chemical vapour deposition.

«This work shows that dendritic spines, which are sub-micrometer compartments within individual neurons, are the prime candidates for the initial tag of transient, millisecond synaptic activity that eventually orchestrates memory traces in the brain lasting tens of years,» said Shahid Khan, senior scientist at the Molecular Biology Consortium at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and a co-author on the PNAS paper.

After conducting studies in both humans and mice, the researchers said this new schizophrenia risk gene, called C4, appears to be involved in eliminating the connections between neurons — a process called «synaptic pruning,» which, in humans, happens naturally in the teen years.

Presynaptic injection of antibodies specific for VAP - 33 inhibited synaptic transmission, which suggests that VAP - 33 is required for the exocytosis of neurotransmitter.

Maternal alcohol consumption prior to and during pregnancy significantly affects cognitive functions in offspring, which may be related to changes in cyclin - dependent kinase 5 because it is associated with modulation of synaptic plasticity and impaired learning and memory.

Neurons rely on synaptic interactions and neurotransmitters such as dopamine, which are small molecules transmitted across synapses to deliver signals from one cell to another that play a major role in reward - motivated behaviour.

Synaptic transmission Electricity signals the release of neurotransmitters, which exit the axon in packets of about 5,000 molecules (lower right).

Over-activation of the D2 class of dopamine receptors led to suppression of the function of NMDA receptors, which are activated by the neurotransmitter glutamate, at the synaptic connection between hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.

«After a year of sound deprivation, we observed dramatic changes in the inner ear — notably, a significant loss of the synaptic connections through which the sensory cells send their electrical signals to the brain,» Dr. Maison said.

This synaptic action results in a prolonged inhibitory synaptic potential which is dependent on metabolism and is selectively blocked by cooling and ouabain.

Mal - gluc modulates histone acetylation of the Rac1 gene and allows transcription activators to access the DNA for increased transcription in the brain, which influences the expression of genes responsible for synaptic plasticity.

We have now found that this interneuron also mediates a new class of synaptic actions which does not involve a conductance change but the activation of an electrogenic sodium pump.

Because the two molecules bound to one another Scheller proposed that VAMP, the synaptic vesicle protein, bridges to syntaxin, the plasma membrane protein — thereby providing a scaffold onto which the molecular machinery that catalyzes membrane fusion can be assembled.

The basic process by which signals pass through the brain involves neurotransmitters, which are carried inside the synaptic vesicles, being passed across synapses — the junctions between neurons.

There is no specific time at which neurons are active, instead dynamic interactions or time - dependent changes between neurons within the network provide information about lapsed time (e.g., short - term synaptic plasticity, inhibitory feedback, etc.).

A vesicle is a container made of a lipid membrane from which a neurotransmitter is released into the synaptic cleft — the space between neurons.

The study involved lab - based experiments in which synthetic vesicles, modelling the synaptic vesicles found the brain, were exposed to alpha - synuclein.

The next major advance which moved this analysis from a cell physiological to a molecular level was accomplished by Scheller and Südhof who made overlapping contributions that characterized the proteins that controlled the two key steps of transmitter release: 1) They showed the mechanism by which the vesicle is mobilized to the release sites of the presynaptic terminal, where the synaptic vesicle first fuses with the membrane of the sending neuron and then leaves the cell, and 2) they also discovered how Ca2 + drives the vesicle to release its contents.

«Ultimately this affects the amount of cholesterol that can get into the membranes of the neuron, which form the synapses and the synaptic vesicles — the small structures that contain neurotransmitters.»

Long - term potentiation (LTP), a phenomenon in which brief repetitive activity causes a long lasting (many weeks) enhancement in the strength of synaptic transmission, is generally accepted to be a key cellular substrate for learning and memory.

Channels, which allow a compound such as glutamate to move from a compartment with high concentrations to one with low concentrations, but not vice versa, can not pump as large amounts of a compound into synaptic vesicles as a transporter can.

While neurotransmitters are created in the interior of the cell, they are pumped, in large quantity, into synaptic vesicles tucked into the wall of a nerve cell's so - called «terminal,» the launch pad from which chemical messages are released from the cell.

They include Fridolin Sulser, who helped develop tricyclic antidepressants, Elaine Sanders - Bush, whose lab made several important discoveries about the neurotransmitter serotonin and its receptors, and Randy Blakely, nationally known for his work on transporters, which sweep up neurotransmitter from the synaptic gap between nerve cells.

The human brain contains as many as 100 billion neurons, most of which make hundreds to thousands of synaptic connections with specific target cells.

A deeper understanding of the pre-plaque stage is of great relevance in view of the fact that the intraneuronal compartment is also a place where Aβ can oligomerize [10, 21, 22] forming toxic aggregates which can impair synaptic plasticity [23 — 26], induce cognitive impairments [27, 28] and unleash a pro-inflammatory reaction [10, 29].

When ASD astrocytes (red) are cultured with ASD neurons (red) neuronal development is impaired; the neuron has a smaller cell body, extends less dendritic processes which are thick and stunted, and receives less synaptic connections.

In the Research Unit «Imaging and Brain» at François - Rabelais University in Tours, Frédéric Laumonnier and his colleagues are interested in the synaptic receptor PTCHD1 (Patched Domain containing 1), for which genetic mutations are associated with an ID and / or autism in boys.

Director of MIT «s Picower Institute for Learning and Memory and the study's senior author, Li - Huei Tsai commented, «This is exciting because for the first time we have found a specific mechanism by which HDAC2 regulates synaptic gene expression.»

However, there is no consensus about the extent to which basal synaptic transmission (BST) and synaptic plasticity are affected in these models.

Our work has given rise to novel experimental results, which have helped to demonstrate the existence of bidirectional communication between astrocytes and neurons, the active participation of the astrocytes in neuronal physiology and synaptic transmission, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved.