But the CDC's Martin notes that the United States will probably never use
the whole cell vaccine again because of concerns about its possible side effects.
Cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and paclitaxel enhance the antigen - specific anti-tumor immune response of GM - CSF - secreting
whole cell vaccines in tolerized mice.
Not exact matches
Bringing back the
whole -
cell vaccine is unlikely, Edwards and Offit say, because of the safety concerns, but Edwards suggests it might be possible to modify a new
whole -
cell vaccine that's less reactive or to add antigens to the acellular
vaccine.
Managing pertussis outbreaks Aside from the difference in antigens, though, scientists remain unsure what made the
whole -
cell vaccine so effective.
«Even with the new immunological studies, we can't tell what's special about the
whole -
cell vaccine that makes it better,» says Kathryn Edwards, the director of the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Vaccine Research
vaccine that makes it better,» says Kathryn Edwards, the director of the Vanderbilt University School of Medicine
Vaccine Research
Vaccine Research Center.
The older
vaccine, DTP, used
whole cells of the pertussis bacterium but had more dramatic side effects, often causing high fevers and sometimes fever - induced seizures.
Researchers used IL - 15 to develop a
whole tumor
cell vaccine to target breast (TS / A) and prostate (TRAMP - C2) cancer
cells in animal models; results showed that tumor
cells stopped growing after the
vaccine was introduced and that beneficial effects were enhanced further when IL - 15Rα was co-produced by the
vaccine cells.
A pancreatic cancer
vaccine could be made of
whole pancreatic cancer
cells, treated so they can't replicate, but modified to present certain molecules on the surface of those
cells.
It exposes the immune system to only a handful of bacterial proteins, and it may be that exposure to more — as occurred when people were inoculated with the
whole -
cell vaccine — is more powerful.
An Australian study recently reported that kids who were given the acellular
vaccine as infants were more than three times as likely to get pertussis between 2009 and 2011 than were those who received the
whole -
cell version.
Jason Harris, from Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, USA, and colleagues are studying a bivalent
whole cell oral (BivWC) cholera
vaccine produced in India that received pre-approval by WHO in 2011.
The current acellular
vaccine, purified down to three antigens, was introduced in 1997 to replace the previous
whole -
cell vaccine, after side effects such as fever and crying dissuaded many parents from starting or completing the three doses of
vaccine required by six months of age.
It gives an overview of the
whole of the topic - communicable disease examples, body's front line defences, white blood
cells and immunity,
vaccines, anitbiotics and resistance, and drug development.It looks great in A3.
The problem is that there are two types of
vaccines (
whole cell / killed Lyme or subunit).