Meanwhile, German households picked up the growing bill for
the wholesale subsidies for renewables that German industry enjoys, accounting for 18 percent of the average price that consumers paid for electricity last year — twice as high a proportion as in 2010.
This means it covers the direct cost of low - carbon
subsidies, energy efficiency and carbon taxes, as well as indirect costs due to strengthening grids, backing up intermittent
renewables, compensating conventional generation
for lost revenue through the capacity market and savings due to the merit - order effect, which pushes down
wholesale electricity prices.