A genome -
wide FST scan comparison with previous sequence data from an area in West Africa with higher infection endemicity indicates that regional gene flow prevents genetic isolation, but revealed
allele frequency differentiation at three drug resistance loci and an erythrocyte invasion ligand gene.
We identified rare variants with
allele frequency up to 1 % in a reference panel of 433 European individuals from modern Finland, Spain, Italy, Netherlands and Denmark, for which genome -
wide sequence data are available16, 17,18.