[77] The Rashidun caliph Umar
ibn al - Khattab signed a treaty
with Monophysite Christian Patriarch Sophronius, assuring him that Jerusalem's Christian holy places and population would be protected under Muslim rule.
In a book that has been compared in its revolutionary effect
with Newton's Principia more than 700 years later, a Muslim scientist in Cairo — Abu Ali al - Hasan
ibn al - Hasan
ibn al - Haytham (or as he is known in the West, Alhazen)-- proved that light traveled in straight lines via various experiments that employed mirrors and refraction.