Since Thornton's and his colleagues» study was published, Ilan Koren and Orit Altaratz at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel and colleagues have found, using the WWLLN, that more intense lightning is connected
with aerosol sources over land.
Not exact matches
The lasers themselves could be located up to a few hundred meters away from the radioactive
source, Isaacs said, as long as line - of - sight was maintained and the air was not too turbulent or polluted
with aerosols.
A third key hypothesis involves acidic
aerosols released at volcanic sites, such as acid fog, dispersed throughout the atmosphere, and interacting subsequently
with the finer components of soil as a
source of widespread hydrated iron - sulfate salts.
Forest fires in the lower latitudes, however, are actually beneficial
sources of black carbon because it is coupled
with organic
aerosols and ends up reflecting light and heat, causing the surrounding area to cool.
The cooling effect of
aerosols can partly offset global warming on a short - term basis, but many are made of organic material that comes from
sources that scientists don't fully understand, said Joost de Gouw, a research physicist at NOAA's Earth System Research Laboratory in Boulder, Colo., who is unaffiliated
with the studies.
To deal
with that, most sucessful scientists develop networks of «trusted»
sources — people you know and get along
with, but who are specialists in different areas (dynamics, radiation, land surfaces,
aerosols, deep time paleo etc.) and who you can just call up and ask for the bottom line.
In particular she works
with natural and anthropogenic greenhouse gases and
aerosols and their
sources, concentrations and long term trends.
Prospero, J.M. et al. (2002): Environmental characterization of global
sources of atmospheric soil dust identified
with the nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing
aerosol product, Rev. Geophys.
The PNNL study measured how, in the atmosphere, these
aerosols interact
with and mix
with other volatile or semi-volatile organic compounds, the carbon - centric chemicals that evaporate from both natural and human - made
sources.
In fact, a subsequent study conducted by Liu et al. (2015) and published in Nature Communications, contrasts the CARES measurements
with those obtained from the 2012 Clean Air for London (ClearfLo) campaign to show that
aerosol coatings influence black carbon absorption and the form and structural details of the mixing state may be specific to the
source and region where the mixing occurs.
In general, the risk of
aerosol transmission increases
with proximity and duration of exposure to the
source; however, once aerosolized, certain pathogens may remain infective over long distances, depending on particle size, the nature of the pathogen, and such environmental factors as temperature and humidity.3
Perhaps surprisingly, the key innovation in this experimental set up is not the presence of the controllable ionisation
source (from the Proton Synchrotron accelerator), but rather the state - of - the - art instrumentation of the chamber that has allowed them to see in unprecedented detail what is going on in the
aerosol nucleation process (this is according to a couple of
aerosol people I've spoken about this
with).
Maybe one could add instead: «This downward radiation from greenhouse gases (and some fine solid air particles («
aerosols») e.g. can be measured at the surface in nights
with clear sky and no other radiation
sources in the atmosphere (e.g. Philipona and Dürr 2004 doi / 10.1029 / 2004GL020937).
Levels of
aerosol emissions have soared since the 1950s,
with the most common
sources being power stations and cars.
Fertilizer production will almost certainly keep growing to keep pace
with human population, but the amount of
aerosols created as a result depends on many factors, including air temperature, precipitation, season, time of day, wind patterns and of course the other needed ingredients from industrial or natural
sources.
In particular she works
with natural and anthropogenic greenhouse gases and
aerosols and their
sources, concentrations and long term trends.
DMS is the primary
source in the sulfate mass budget over the remote ocean west of 80 ° W. • The first
aerosol indirect effect has been observationally quantified over the SEP,
with cloud thinning of the more polluted coastal clouds mitigating the overall radiative impact.
Moreover, we could reduce the use of
aerosols with freon and try to find alternative
sources of energy.
Land cover influences climate by modifying water and energy exchanges
with the atmosphere, and changes greenhouse gas and
aerosol sources and sinks.
Aerosols have both natural and human sources, so if we just assume aerosol concentration variation in the atmosphere will continue as it has for the last 165 years, then future AGW can be projected with TCR (1 + beta) where beta is the historical fraction of CO2 radiative forcing caused by all other GHG and a
Aerosols have both natural and human
sources, so if we just assume
aerosol concentration variation in the atmosphere will continue as it has for the last 165 years, then future AGW can be projected
with TCR (1 + beta) where beta is the historical fraction of CO2 radiative forcing caused by all other GHG and
aerosolsaerosols.
Warming «Soot» is co-emitted
with shiny cooling
aerosols, so one needs to be careful to target
sources with lots of dark carbonaceous material but without the shiny
aerosols (diesel is a good target).
The geographical shifts of emissions
sources over the past 30 years,
with reductions in N.America & Europe and increases in Africa & South Asia, mean that we actually do expect the zonal
aerosol forcing pattern described.
Given that, if one wants freedom of choice and an efficient market, shouldn't one accept a market solution (tax / credit or analogous system based on public costs, applied strategically to minimize paperwork (don't tax residential utility bills — apply upstream instead), applied approximately fairly to both be fair and encourage an efficient market response (don't ignore any significant category, put all
sources of the same emission on equal footing; if cap / trade, allow some exchange between CO2 and CH4, etc, based CO2 (eq); include ocean acidification, etc.), allowing some approximation to that standard so as to not get very high costs in dealing
with small details and also to address the biggest, most - well understood effects and
sources first (put off dealing
with the costs and benifits of sulphate
aerosols, etc, until later if necessary — but get at high - latitude black carbon right away)?
Comparing the trend in global temperature over the past 100 - 150 years
with the change in «radiative forcing» (heating or cooling power) from carbon dioxide,
aerosols and other
sources, minus ocean heat uptake, can now give a good estimate of climate sensitivity.
I am currently working on a variety of topics related to
aerosol research and their
sources, sinks, and interactions
with climate at various levels of complexity.
The climate feedbacks involved
with these changes, which are key in understanding the climate system as a whole, include: + the importance of
aerosol absorption on climate + the impact of
aerosol deposition which affects biology and, hence, emissions of
aerosols and
aerosol precursors via organic nitrogen, organic phosphorus and iron fertilization + the importance of land use and land use changes on natural and anthropogenic
aerosol sources + the SOA
sources and impact on climate,
with special attention on the impact human activities have on natural SOA formation In order to quantitatively answer such questions I perform simulations of the past, present and future atmospheres, and make comparisons
with measurements and remote sensing data, all of which help understand, evaluate and improve the model's parameterizations and performance, and our understanding of the Earth system.
Topics that I work on or plan to work in the future include studies of: + missing
aerosol species and
sources, such as the primary oceanic
aerosols and their importance on the remote marine atmosphere, the in - cloud and
aerosol water aqueous formation of organic
aerosols that can lead to brown carbon formation, the primary terrestrial biological particles, and the organic nitrogen + missing
aerosol parameterizations, such as the effect of
aerosol mixing on cloud condensation nuclei and
aerosol absorption, the semi-volatility of primary organic
aerosols, the importance of in - canopy processes on natural terrestrial
aerosol and
aerosol precursor
sources, and the mineral dust iron solubility and bioavailability + the change of
aerosol burden and its spatiotemporal distribution, especially
with regard to its role and importance on gas - phase chemistry via photolysis rates changes and heterogeneous reactions in the atmosphere, as well as their effect on key gas - phase species like ozone + the physical and optical properties of
aerosols, which affect
aerosol transport, lifetime, and light scattering and absorption,
with the latter being very sensitive to the vertical distribution of absorbing
aerosols +
aerosol - cloud interactions, which include cloud activation, the
aerosol indirect effect and the impact of clouds on
aerosol removal + changes on climate and feedbacks related
with all these topics In order to understand the climate system as a whole, improve the
aerosol representation in the GISS ModelE2 and contribute to future IPCC climate change assessments and CMIP activities, I am also interested in understanding the importance of natural and anthropogenic
aerosol changes in the atmosphere on the terrestrial biosphere, the ocean and climate.
Organic carbon
aerosol from fossil fuel
sources is invariably internally and externally mixed to some degree
with other combustion products such as sulphate and black carbon (e.g., Novakov et al., 1997; Ramanathan et al., 2001b).
DePreSys (18) takes into account the observed state of the atmosphere and ocean in order to predict internal variability, together
with plausible changes in anthropogenic
sources of greenhouse gases and
aerosol concentrations (19) and projected changes in solar irradiance and volcanic
aerosol (20).