The case is of interest to parties involved with international arbitration in the region, and affirms the Singapore Courts» commitment not to interfere
with arbitral awards wherever possible.
Courts are generally reluctant to interfere
with arbitral awards.
Cecil Abraham, practice head, and Sunil Abraham are assisting the Islamic Religious and Malay Customs Council (Majlis Ugama Islam Pahang) in the case Majlis Ugama Islam Pahang v Far East Holdings about whether a court may interfere — and under what circumstances -
with an arbitral award.
Not exact matches
The term «
arbitral procedure» encompasses the period beginning
with the filing of an action and ending when the
award is rendered.891 The application of the law by a tribunal, on the other hand, goes to the actual merits of a dispute and therefore falls outside the scope of review at the recognition and enforcement stage.892
With respect to the
award of interest, the Hamburg Court of Appeal rejected a challenge to enforcement under article V (1)(c), made on the basis that the
arbitral tribunal had
awarded more interest than had been claimed, considering that an «
arbitral tribunal can in its discretion and on its own initiative
award interest and compound interest for the time until the rendition of the
award and for the time after the rendition of the
award.»
Article V (1)(d) provides that the composition of the
arbitral authority must have been in accordance
with the agreement of the parties, or in the absence of an agreement, the law of the country where the arbitration took place, failing which recognition and enforcement of the
award may be refused.
In 2009 the
arbitral tribunal found that it had jurisdiction over the dispute and in 2012 the
arbitral tribunal delivered a final
award on the merits, unanimously stating that the Russian Federation was guilty of expropriation and ordered Russia to pay compensation in accordance
with the BIT.
An
award on the merits against the Russian Federation was delivered by the
arbitral tribunal in 2012, while the parallel proceeding
with the Stockholm District Court dismissing the Russian Federation's plea for negative declaratory relief was not concluded until 2014.
Similarities and distinctions
with respect to enforcement of foreign
arbitral awards, and potential implications for forum selection.
The court ultimately rejected this challenge because the
arbitral award, though mentioning other parties who were not bound by the arbitration agreement, did not make any
award in their favour or any determination
with respect to the rights of those parties.820
For instance, in a 1968 case, a Swiss court refused to issue an enforcement order on the grounds that the
arbitral tribunal had not complied
with the agreement of the parties that «all disputes should be settled in one and the same
arbitral proceedings» and instead conducted the arbitration in two stages.904 In a 2001 case, the Italian Supreme Court enforced a first
award but not a second
award made
with respect to the same dispute.
The Svea Court of Appeal dismissed Kazakhstan's claims, holding that the
award was not clearly incompatible
with Swedish ordre public, that the arbitration agreement was valid, and that the
arbitral tribunal was duly appointed.
He is well versed
with issues related to the enforcement of
arbitral awards, including applications for the setting aside of such
awards.
With the advent of the 1958 United Nations Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards (the New York Convention), the world finally had a treaty that would allow for enforcement of foreign arbitral
Arbitral Awards (the New York Convention), the world finally had a treaty that would allow for enforcement of foreign arbitral a
Awards (the New York Convention), the world finally had a treaty that would allow for enforcement of foreign
arbitralarbitral awardsawards.
The Convention was concise, composed of only 16 Articles, and dealt
with two issues: the enforcement of the agreement to arbitrate and the enforcement of the resulting
arbitral award.
«Notwithstanding section (1), the parties may agree to exclude the jurisdiction of the Court under this section and an agreement to dispense
with reasons for the
arbitral tribunal's
award shall be treated as an agreement to exclude the jurisdiction of the Court under this section.»
In accordance
with article VII (1), a Contracting State will not be in breach of the Convention by enforcing
arbitral awards and arbitration agreements pursuant to more liberal regimes than the Convention itself.
Such an interpretation would directly conflict
with the «pro-enforcement bias» of the Convention and its intention to remove obstacles to confirmation of
arbitral awards.»
Leading commentators agree that article V (1)(c) does not apply to
awards which fail to address all the issues submitted to the
arbitral tribunal for resolution.808 Though there are no reported cases addressing whether article V (1)(c) applies to
awards rendered infra petita, the view that such
awards do not provide grounds for refusal of recognition or enforcement is consistent
with the text and spirit of the Convention.
For instance, a German court enforced an
award rendered in Turkey where the parties had agreed to the rules of the
Arbitral Commission of the Istanbul Chamber of Commerce and Industry, and rejected a party's argument that the procedure was not in accordance
with the requirements of the Turkish Code of Civil Procedure.866
The
arbitral award noted that this decision was taken
with the agreement of the parties, and the party opposing enforcement had not reserved it rights at the time of the decision or following receipt of letters confirming the decision.
The New York Convention was established as a result of dissatisfaction
with the Geneva Protocol on Arbitration Clauses of 1923 and the Geneva Convention on the Execution of Foreign
Arbitral Awards of 1927.
2014 has started
with a bang from an arbitration perspective
with the decision in S v S [2014] EWHC 7 (Fam), [2014] All ER (D) 63 (Jan), involving the conversion of an arbitration
award to a financial consent order and comments from Sir James Munby that «an
arbitral award is surely of its nature even stronger than a simple agreement between the parties» and «the judge will not need to play the detective unless something leaps off the page to indicate that something has gone so seriously wrong in the
arbitral process as fundamentally to vitiate the
arbitral award».
However, the shipowner had raised the issue of bias against the arbitrator, seeking to «reserve» its position, but continued
with the
arbitral process, which had led to an
award.
The European Commission must therefore -LSB-...] express its reservation
with respect to the
Arbitral Tribunal's competence to arbitrate the claim brought before it by Eureko B.V.» (see para. 193 of the
award)
The site can be searched by keyword
with filters for such things as type of text (Court Decision,
Arbitral Awards, Doctrine, Clause, Legislation or Principles) or language (English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Dutch, Portugese and Latin).
Elektrim SA v Vivendi Universal SA & Ors [2007] 2 Lloyd's Rep 8: grounds for restraining by injunction an arbitration; as well as several leading cases dealing
with interim relief in aid of international
arbitral proceedings including Mobil Cerro Negor Ltd v Petroleos de Venezuela SA [2008] 1 Lloyd's Rep 684 (expropriation of Mobil's oil fields in Venezuela; successfully discharged worldwide freezing order for US$ 12 billion under s. 44 of the Arbitration Act 1996); ETI NV v Republic of Bolivia [2009] 1 WLR 665 (CA): (nationalisation of company; successfully discharged a freezing order obtained under s. 25 of the CJJA 1982 and s. 44 of the AA 1996 in aid of an ICSID arbitration); Telenor v Vimpelcom & Altimo Group (pre-arbitration interim relief in S$ 3bn telecommunications shareholder dispute); Yukos Oil v Rosneft (US$ 425m freezing order in support of enforcement of Russian
arbitral awards);
The first part of the article deals
with the mandatory requirements of
arbitral awards (reasons, scope of
arbitral jurisdiction, etc.), while the second describes the desirable limits of judicial review.
In particular, while the 1945 UN Charter and the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea acknowledged and promoted interstate arbitration, the New York and the Washington conventions consecrated the principle of recognition and enforcement of
arbitral awards with regards to international trade and investment.
[7] While excluding judicial decisions and
arbitral awards will limit the number of parties served by the instrument, the working group considered it best to avoid «overlap»
with other conventions and minimize confusion among enforcement authorities over which instrument applies, although the final wording of this provision remains to be determined.
Broadly speaking, arbitration sees two parties agree to convene to resolve a dispute,
with one granted an
arbitral award by whoever is overseeing proceedings.
Shearman's international arbitration practice only takes in one or two juniors a year, but there's a wide variety of work on offer as «after arbitration comes enforcement (of the
arbitral award), and we do some of that as well, usually in conjunction
with litigation.»
Nigel regularly deals
with applications under the Arbitration Act 1996, such as applications to stay legal proceedings, for the appointment / removal of arbitrators, for the exercise of judicial powers in support of
arbitral proceedings, and for the correction of
awards, as well as appeals from arbitration
awards on points of law and challenges to
awards for want of jurisdiction or on grounds of serious procedural irregularity.
In addition to having been instructed in major arbitrations, such as the Bermudan - based arbitration relating to the reinsurance of Arthur Andersen following the collapse of Enron and WorldCom, and Elektrim SA's long running dispute
with Vivendi Universal over Polish telecommunications, he has particular expertise in relation to inter relief applications to the Court in relation to heavy arbitrations such as ETI Euro Telecom V Republic of Bolivia [2008](no pre-emptive relief in aid of an ICSID arbitration); Elektrim SA v Vivendi [2007] 1 Lloyd's Rep 693 (s. 68 of AA 1996 and
awards obtained by fraud); Elektrim v Vivendi [2007] 2 Lloyd's Rep 8 (injunction to restrain arbitration continuing) Telenor East Holding II AS v Altimo Holdings & Investments Ltd (multi-billion dollar shareholder dispute — interim injunction under s. 44 of the AA 1996); Steadfast v Baker Hughes (s. 9 (3) step in the action preventing a stay in favour of arbitration) and enforcement of
arbitral awards (Yukos v Rosneft: US$ 500m and Yukos v Russian Federation US$ 50 billion.
When an option, we assist our clients
with court appeals and other court challenges in respect of
arbitral awards, in the enforcement of
awards that have not been complied
with or in resisting enforcement where appropriate, including working
with trusted foreign counsel should the relevant proceedings be abroad.
This website was created to host information on the implementation of the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards, signed in New York on 10 June 1958,
with a view of promoting its uniform and effective application throughout the world.
With litigation being a major forte, TianTong also renders professional service relating to arbitration, enforcement of judgement or
arbitral awards and providing Chinese law expert opinions in foreign - related litigation and arbitration proceedings.
Another approach to avoid this concern might be to regard immunity as inapplicable to a proceeding which relates directly to another, non-immune underlying proceeding only where it is a necessary or readily foreseeable corollary of that underlying proceeding — as is the case
with proceedings to enforce a foreign
arbitral award, but not, presumably,
with a defamation action arising from statements made in an earlier proceeding.
Indeed, the majority further expressed the view (obiter) that an
arbitral tribunal could order a final (rather than interim)
award requiring compliance
with the DAB's decision if that is all that the tribunal was asked to rule on.
Nevertheless, in Ecuador,
with the enactment of the Ecuadorian General Organic Code of Processes (GOCP) in 2015, the domestic rules of procedure require a new homologation process prior the enforcement of international
arbitral awards.
For almost 130 principles and rules of transnational law, like «venire contra factum proprium», «duty to mitigate» or «compensation for expropriation», the TransLex - Principles provide the user
with their black letter text and comprehensive references taken from international
arbitral awards, domestic statutes, international conventions, standard contract forms, trade practices and usages, other sample clauses and academic sources.
However, the third paragraph of recital 12 complicates matters as it provides that where a member state court exercising jurisdiction under the Brussels I (recast) or national law has determined that an arbitration agreement is null and void, inoperative or incapable of being performed, the court's judgment on the substance of the matter can be recognised or enforced in accordance
with Brussels I (recast)(although this is expressed as without prejudice to the competence of member state courts to decide on recognition and enforcement of
arbitral awards in accorded
with the New York Convention which «takes precedence over» Brussels I (recast)-RRB-.
This decision has been the subject of considerable discussion among arbitration practitioners: as was discussed several months ago on Slaw, the case raises a number of difficult questions about how international arbitration and Canada's treaty obligations in that respect interact
with local procedural law — specifically limitation of actions — when seeking to enforce the
award, and more generally whether foreign judgments and
arbitral awards should continue to be treated, for limitations purposes, as mere contract debts.
The issues before the SCC in this case highlight the existence of problematic gaps in Canadian legislation
with regard to the procedural status of international
arbitral awards.
Declaration: «In accordance
with article I (3) of the said Convention the Government of Kenya declares that it will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of
arbitral awards made only in the territory of another contracting state.»
Freshfields worked
with Econet for eight years to secure a favourable
arbitral award over a dispute relating to its stake in Nigerian telco VNL
With respect to
arbitral awards made by other non-contracting States it will apply the Convention only in so far as those States grant reciprocal treatment as established by mutual agreement between the parties.
«In accordance
with article I (3) of the said Convention the Government of Ireland declares that it will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of
arbitral awards made only in the territory of another Contracting State».
Ecuador, on a basis of reciprocity, will apply the Convention to the recognition and enforcement of
arbitral awards made in the territory of another Contracting State only if such
awards have been made
with respect to differences arising out of legal relationships which are regarded as commercial under Ecuadorian law.
It is understood that the accession of the State of Kuwait to the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign
Arbitral Awards, done at New York, on the 10th of June 1958, does not mean in any way recognition of Israel or entering
with it into relations governed by the Convention thereto acceded by the State of Kuwait.