Sentences with phrase «with atmospheric gases»

The exchange time before closing is about 10 years at depth, so that the averaging with atmospheric gases is reasonably complete over the firn closure time.

Solar particles collide with atmospheric gases in the thermosphere; creating a brilliant light show that is best seen from late autumn to early spring on cold, clear nights above the Arctic Circle.

Not exact matches

Nuclear power stations produce hardly any atmospheric pollution and provide by far the safest way to generate energy (with the possible exception of gas).

The S specification machines have been designed for customers with more uniform pack requirements, offering atmospheric, gas flushing and hermetic shrink sealing.

We are learning that stability is a common feature of large - scale atmospheric systems in the giant planets: with no solid surface underlying the gas, there is no friction to dissipate atmospheric motions.

We can determine the radiative forcing associated with the long - lived greenhouse gases fairly precisely, because we know their atmospheric concentrations, their spatial distribution and the physics of their interaction with radiation.

Natural gas combined - cycle power plants are already heavily favored by utilities to the near exclusion of coal, said Joost de Gouw, an atmospheric scientist with National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences.

The reaction rate between atmospheric hydrogen chloride (HCl) and chlorine nitrate (ClONO2) is greatly enhanced in the presence of ice particles; HCl dissolves readily into ice, and the collisional reaction probability for ClONO2 on the surface of ice with HCl in the mole fraction range from ∼ 0.003 to 0.010 is in the range from ∼ 0.05 to 0.1 for temperatures near 200 K. Chlorine (Cl2) is released into the gas phase on a time scale of at most a few milliseconds, whereas nitric acid (HNO3), the other product, remains in the condensed phase.

«Which of those is correct at this stage is unknown, but the droughts being driven by atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations is in line with some of these global circulation models,» Lewis said.

But Zahnle, an expert on atmospheric escape of gases, agrees with the main thrust of the study: Right now, dust storms are helping to bleed Mars dry.

The study shows, with 90 percent confidence, that such extreme summers in Australia are five times more likely due to an increase in greenhouse gases, said paper co-author David Karoly, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Melbourne and the Australian Research Council Center of Excellence for Climate System Science.

Remote sensing of atmospheric gases — from a satellite, for instance — can be performed with conventional instruments called spectrometers, but while satellite instruments have global coverage, they sample specific regions on Earth infrequently.

Years of past analyses by Earth - bound scientists of gas bubbles trapped inside Martian meteorites had already narrowed the Martian argon ratio to between 3.6 and 4.5 (that is 3.6 to 4.5 atoms of Argon - 36 to every one Argon - 38) with the supposed Martian «atmospheric» value near four.

The researchers find that «ocean - driven melt is an important driver of Antarctic ice shelf retreat where warm water is in contact with shelves, but in high greenhouse - gas emissions scenarios, atmospheric warming soon overtakes the ocean as the dominant driver of Antarctic ice loss.»

In the new paper, published in the journal Environmental Research Letters, Höglund - Isaksson estimated global methane emissions from oil and gas systems in over 100 countries over a 32 - year period, using a variety of country - specific data ranging from reported volumes of associated gas to satellite imagery that can show flaring, as well as atmospheric measurements of ethane, a gas which is released along with methane and easier to link more directly to oil and gas activities.

«We're trying to figure out how to deal with the greenhouse gas problem» says Sarah Doherty, an atmospheric scientist at the University of Washington in Seattle and co-author of the study.

The researchers warn, however, that the future evolution of the AMO remains uncertain, with many factors potentially affecting how it interacts with atmospheric circulation patterns, such as Arctic sea ice loss, changes in solar radiation, volcanic eruptions and concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.

«We are beginning to see the links in a chain that begins with solar - driven processes acting on gas in the upper atmosphere and leads to atmospheric loss,» said Bruce Jakosky, MAVEN principal investigator with the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics at the University of Colorado, Boulder.

The relative atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases as well as aerosol and particulate content coupled with other climate information gives insight into both the importance of these as drivers of temperature as well as how these drivers might couple in either a positive or negative feedback sense (Beckman and Mahoney, 1998).

Meanwhile, here on earth, we still have the same remaining problem of our trapped thermal atmospheric content that can not escape away from Earth's self contained system that is maintained by the greenhouse gases that surrounds the earth that is said to be increasing in content, and because it increasing in content, the thermal kinetic capacity (global warming potential of certain said gases will rise with it.)

The Aerosol Measurement Science Group (AMSG) coordinates ARM Facility observations of aerosols and atmospheric trace gases with user needs.

Although atmospheric oxygen soon recovered again as photosynthesis and weathering reached a new balance, at about 10 per cent of present - day levels, the oxidative weathering of sulphides on land filled the oceans with sulphate which created abundant food for a group of bacteria that filled the oceans with sewer gas (hydrogen sulphide) toxic to oxygen - loving lifeforms (delaying the development of eukaryotic plants and animals) and turned them «into stinking, stagnant waters almost entirely devoid of oxygen.»

With a larger sample, planets at varying stages of atmospheric loss will be found that confirm whether or not the majority of close in rocky planets are the burnt embers leftover of gas giants who ventured to close to their host stars.

In 2003, astronomers at the University of Texas at Arlington performed refined calculations to determine that the habitable zone around 47 Ursae Majoris, where an inner rocky planet (with suitable mass and atmospheric gas composition and density) can have liquid water on its surface, lies between 1.05 and 1.83 AUs of the star.

Atmospheric scientists measure the amount of CH4 gas in the atmosphere and use these data, along with models of atmospheric transport, to estimate the amount of CH4 released at Earth's surface.

This corresponded with strong increases in atmospheric greenhouse gases, especially Arctic methane (Petrenko 2009, Nisbet 2009).

In another set of experiments, they coated the sulfate particles with atmospheric products of α - pinene, the gas responsible for that distinctive pine tree smell, and then added IEPOX.

Ongoing measurements of anthropogenic CO2, other gases and hydrographic parameters in these key marginal seas will provide information on changes in global oceanic CO2 uptake associated with the predicted increasing atmospheric CO2 and future global climate change.

Scientists are using airborne observations of atmospheric trace gases, aerosols, and cloud properties from the North Slopes of Alaska to improve their understanding of global climate, with the goal of reducing the uncertainty in global and regional climate simulations and projections.

If we continue increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations with emissions from the burning of coal, oil, and gas, the Earth will continue to get hotter.

The ARM Aerosol Measurement Science Group (AMSG) coordinates ARM Climate Research Facility observations of aerosols and atmospheric trace gases with user needs to ensure advanced, well - characterized observational measurements and data products — at the spatial and temporal scales necessary — for improving climate science and model forecasts.

The temperature in Antarctica (red line) is expected to continue to rise with this increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases.

These atmospheric gasses have been in a delicate balance with the Earth's oceans, the biosphere, and even the geosphere (all the rocks and sediments).

In contrast, chemistry modeling and paleoclimate records [222] show that trace gases increase with global warming, making it unlikely that overall atmospheric CH4 will decrease even if a decrease is achieved in anthropogenic CH4 sources.

Now with «Midnight Special,» Wingo makes full use of that musically atmospheric gas to truly drive into The Twilight Zone.

A part of the volume of the boot is reserved to the fresh air tank, with an autonomy of few minutes, which pumps the air inside, with a pressure a little higher than the atmospheric pressure, in case of irritant gas or chemical weapons attack.

What has happened to atmospheric concentrations of CO 2 and other infrared - absorbing gases so far and what have these gases to do with human activity?

The atmospheric buildup of long - lived greenhouse gases is setting in motion centuries of shifts in climate patterns, coastlines, water resources and ecosystems, he said — hardly a transformation one would describe with a gentle word like warming.

We find (i) measurements at all scales show that official inventories consistently underestimate actual CH4 [methane] emissions, with the natural gas and oil sectors as important contributors; (ii) many independent experiments suggest that a small number of «super-emitters» could be responsible for a large fraction of leakage; (iii) recent regional atmospheric studies with very high emissions rates are unlikely to be representative of typical natural gas system leakage rates; and (iv) assessments using 100 - year impact indicators show system - wide leakage is unlikely to be large enough to negate climate benefits of coal - to - natural gas substitution.

Ferenc Miskolczi, an atmospheric physicist at NASA's Langley Research Center with three decades of experience, had found that researchers have been repeating a mistake when calculating the impact of greenhouse gas emissions on temperatures.

If so, please explain what is wrong with our knowledge of quantum mechanics and the properties of atmospheric gases.

This is inconsistent with the idea that higher levels of atmospheric greenhouse gases will result in increased Atlantic hurricane activity.»

We are committed to avoiding the most serious consequences of climate change and determined to achieve the stabilization of atmospheric concentrations of global greenhouse gases consistent with the ultimate objective of Article 2 of the Convention and within a time frame that should be compatible with economic growth and energy security.

The radiative transfer problem is best addressed numerically with a sufficient number of vertical layers to resolve the atmospheric temperature and absorber distributions and with a sufficient number of spectral intervals to resolve the spectral dependence of the contributing gases — as is being done in most GCMs.

We need to press on urgently with oxyfuel and precombustion scrubbing, so as to reduce the amount of gas and pollutants to be scrubbed, as well as save on the energy penalty of dealing with flue gas at atmospheric pressure.

In 2002, the president said: «I reaffirm America's commitment to the United Nations Framework Convention and its central goal, to stabilize atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that will prevent dangerous human interference with the climate.»

As noted in Chapter 8, Section 8.4.2, at the time of the SAR most coupled models had difficulty in reproducing a stable climate with current atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, and THEREFORE NON-PHYSICAL «FLUX ADJUSTMENT TERMS» WERE ADDED.

There's been much discussion recently of quick, cheap steps, with many benefits, that could slow warming driven by the atmospheric buildup of heat - trapping greenhouse gases.

Abstract: «Understanding how global temperature changes with increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, or climate sensitivity, is of central importance to climate change research.

I suppose that with a sufficient change in the atmospheric density by the addition of a gas, one might expect changes in physical processes like thermal conduction and / or advection to make a difference but that isn't what the engineer was claiming by my reading.