Sentences with phrase «with atmospheric layers»

Are you saying that because he uses a LTE model with atmospheric layers to explain carbon dioxide IR radiation (and re-radiation), that he is implying that one should find non-smooth temperatures with increasing height in such layers?

Not exact matches

Black carbon aerosols — particles of carbon that rise into the atmosphere when biomass, agricultural waste, and fossil fuels are burned in an incomplete way — are important for understanding climate change, as they absorb sunlight, leading to higher atmospheric temperatures, and can also coat Arctic snow with a darker layer, reducing its reflectivity and leading to increased melting.

At that time, changes in atmospheric - oceanic circulation led to a stratification in the ocean with a cold layer at the surface and a warm layer below.

Regional trends are notoriously problematic for models, and seems more likely to me that the underprediction of European warming has to do with either the modeled ocean temperature pattern, the modelled atmospheric response to this pattern, or some problem related to the local hydrological cycle and boundary layer moisture dynamics.

What effect it has varies with which atmospheric layer it's in and on the latitude.

Titan has a thin atmospheric layer of roughly constant temperature above the troposphere, followed by an extensive stratosphere ranging from 50 to 200 km (30 to 120 miles) in altitude, where temperatures steadily increase with altitude to a maximum of 160 to 180 K (− 172 to − 136 °F, − 113 to − 93 °C).

So the mechanism should cause a decline in skin temperature gradients with increased cloud cover (more downward heat radiation), and there should also be a decline in the difference between cool skin layer and ocean bulk temperatures - as less heat escapes the ocean under increased atmospheric warming.

It is in this layer that most pollutants emitted on the ground react with other atmospheric actors.

Layer your view of shifting continents with data on atmospheric composition, temperature, biodiversity, day length, and solar luminosity, to get a more complete view of our dynamic planet.

KEY FEATURES: CONSOLE - QUALITY GRAPHICS AND SOUND * breathtaking graphics using the latest Android & NVIDIA technology * realistic ragdoll effects and stunning environments * narrated by professional voice actors * atmospheric soundtrack and movie - quality sound effects RPG LAYER WITH DEEP CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT * 3 personas = 3 different personalities * character training and development * unique system of 100 + upgradable body implants and gear sets * 40 + upgradable weapons IMMERSIVE GAMEPLAY WITH CUSTOMIZABLE CONTROLS * 20 + hours of campaign gameplay and 10 + hours of special missions * elaborate system of achievements * full controller support * fully customizable on - screen controls OPTIMIZED FOR NVIDIA SHIELD DEVICES * Portable, TV and tablet * X1 exclusive features: HDR, Depth of Field, high quality textures, bloom effects Feel free to drop us a line at [email protected], or catch up with our latest news on our official website or a social media channel of your choice: www.deadeffect2.com Facebook: Dead Effect Twitter: @DeadEffectGame YouTube: BadFly InteracWITH DEEP CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT * 3 personas = 3 different personalities * character training and development * unique system of 100 + upgradable body implants and gear sets * 40 + upgradable weapons IMMERSIVE GAMEPLAY WITH CUSTOMIZABLE CONTROLS * 20 + hours of campaign gameplay and 10 + hours of special missions * elaborate system of achievements * full controller support * fully customizable on - screen controls OPTIMIZED FOR NVIDIA SHIELD DEVICES * Portable, TV and tablet * X1 exclusive features: HDR, Depth of Field, high quality textures, bloom effects Feel free to drop us a line at [email protected], or catch up with our latest news on our official website or a social media channel of your choice: www.deadeffect2.com Facebook: Dead Effect Twitter: @DeadEffectGame YouTube: BadFly InteracWITH CUSTOMIZABLE CONTROLS * 20 + hours of campaign gameplay and 10 + hours of special missions * elaborate system of achievements * full controller support * fully customizable on - screen controls OPTIMIZED FOR NVIDIA SHIELD DEVICES * Portable, TV and tablet * X1 exclusive features: HDR, Depth of Field, high quality textures, bloom effects Feel free to drop us a line at [email protected], or catch up with our latest news on our official website or a social media channel of your choice: www.deadeffect2.com Facebook: Dead Effect Twitter: @DeadEffectGame YouTube: BadFly Interacwith our latest news on our official website or a social media channel of your choice: www.deadeffect2.com Facebook: Dead Effect Twitter: @DeadEffectGame YouTube: BadFly Interactive

Imbued with an ethereal quality, these works celebrate spray paint's ability to create atmospheric layers that seem to extend beyond the frame.

Working with layer upon layer of glassware imagery, she generates an atmospheric field of luminous, chromatically intense, intricately woven crystalline labyrinths that invite the viewer to fall into the still life, to get a sense of what she, the artist, experienced.

After priming the canvas with dark color, Ryman has built up multiple layers of white on top of the ground to create a rich, atmospheric effect.

These expansive paintings, with their pixelated backgrounds and neon, atmospheric foregrounds, evoke technological cityscapes whose layered space and temporality recall Tron, City of Night, and other cinematic masterpieces of science fiction noir.

In «Chromatic Geometries,» her seventh solo exhibition at Arden Gallery, Mattera has decisively moved away from the layered, atmospheric approach of earlier «Silk Road» and «Vicolo» series to explore, with her customary virtuosity, the possibilities of figure - ground relationships and the illusionistic space conjured by dividing the square into two horizontal rectangles.

In his early career, Olitski depicted abstract shapes with thick, heavily impastoed surfaces, but later took to layering thin films of spraypaint onto his canvases, creating a trademark atmospheric effect.

In her new work, wide lines are densely layered, resulting in atmospheric fields with an ambiguous sense of depth.

This setup consists of an atmospheric model with a simple mixed - layer ocean model, but that doesn't include chemistry, aerosol vegetation or dynamic ice sheet modules.

In 2002 the Aqua satellite was launched with AIRS instrumentation for measuring humidity at all atmospheric layers.

The standard assumption has been that, while heat is transferred rapidly into a relatively thin, well - mixed surface layer of the ocean (averaging about 70 m in depth), the transfer into the deeper waters is so slow that the atmospheric temperature reaches effective equilibrium with the mixed layer in a decade or so.

What is still contentious is what the result implies for the YD climate change and the megafaunal extinctions, incorporating the ideas of both the broad large scale cometary debris impact scenario at low grazing angles, and the direct asteroidal impact into water and ice covered surfaces, and all that implies with the ice sheet disruptions, megatsunamis and the ozone layer and atmospheric effects and disruption that are possible in these events.

The radiative transfer problem is best addressed numerically with a sufficient number of vertical layers to resolve the atmospheric temperature and absorber distributions and with a sufficient number of spectral intervals to resolve the spectral dependence of the contributing gases — as is being done in most GCMs.

I spent a few minutes Wednesday with F. Sherwood Rowland, the atmospheric chemist from the University of California, Irvine, who shared a Nobel Prize for his work revealing the threat to the ozone layer from CFC's and similar synthetic chemicals.

This simple radiative example (convective transport is not being allowed) shows that any finite surface temperature Ts can be supported in radiative equilibrium with any arbitrarily cold «upper atmosphere» temperature Tt, by prescribing the appropriate LW opacity TAU for the atmospheric layer, with the energy required to maintain a fixed Ts adjusted accordingly.

It's what drives the atmospheric circulation and the ocean currents that mix the upper warm layers of the ocean with the deeper colder layers, and vice versa.

Starting with zero atmospheric LW absorption, adding any small amount cools the whole atmopshere towards a skin temperature and warms the surface — tending to produce a troposphere (the forcing at any level will be positive, and thus will be positive at the tropopause; it will increase downward toward the surface if the atmosphere were not already as cold as the skin temperature, thus resulting in atmospheric cooling toward the skin temperature; cooling within the troposphere will be balanced by convective heating from the surface at equilibrium, with that surface + troposphere layer responding to tropopause - level forcing.)

(By similar logic, increasing atmospheric optical thickness tends to increase the downward flux at the surface or any other level, and reduce the upward flux at TOA or any other level, but with exceptions due to inversions (layers with increasing temperature with height).

An atmospheric general circulation model coupled to a simple mixed layer ocean was forced with altered implied ocean heat transports during a period of increasing trace gases.

I think that they will find that with a long enough path length, atmospheric water vapor tends to regulate the energy absorbed at and around the ocean thermocline layer at about 100 meters.

With an average total atmospheric effect of roughly 334 Wm - 2 that additional «layer» of insulation will increase the atmospheric effect to roughly 338 Wm - 2.

The global surface is set up as a grid with several dozen vertical layers to resolve the atmospheric temperature structure.

Tom, I agree with you that the atmospheric emission from any layer ought to be isotropic leading to a 50 - 50 up / down split.

Each higher and cooler layer in turn emits thermal radiation corresponding to its temperature; and much of that also escapes directly to space around the absorption bands of the higher atmosphere layers; and so on; so that the total LWIR emission from the earth should then be a composite of roughly BB spectra but with source temepratures ranging ove the entire surface Temeprature range, as well as the range of atmospheric emitting Temperatures.

It seems to me that any layer from the surface to the highest limits of the atmosphere is radiating some roughly blackbody looking spectrum corresponding to its own Temperature; and much of that spectrum exits directly to space (assuming cloudless skies for the moment) with a spectrum corresponding to the emission temperature of that surface; but now with holes in it from absorption by GHG molecules or the atmospheric gases themselves.

2 The troposphere is the atmospheric layer where the temperature generally decreases with height, extending from the surface up to approximately 10 — 15 km, and the stratosphere is the stable layer above that extending up to approximately 50 km.

This is called a «two - layer» model, with the two layers being the surface and the atmospheric shell.

Water that travels past under - sea volcanism will dissolve sulphur ions which reduce its pH. This low pH water will reach the ocean surface centuries later and thus will reduce the pH of the surface layer with resulting increase to atmospheric CO2 concentration.

Based on the understanding of both the physical processes that control key climate feedbacks (see Section 8.6.3), and also the origin of inter-model differences in the simulation of feedbacks (see Section 8.6.2), the following climate characteristics appear to be particularly important: (i) for the water vapour and lapse rate feedbacks, the response of upper - tropospheric RH and lapse rate to interannual or decadal changes in climate; (ii) for cloud feedbacks, the response of boundary - layer clouds and anvil clouds to a change in surface or atmospheric conditions and the change in cloud radiative properties associated with a change in extratropical synoptic weather systems; (iii) for snow albedo feedbacks, the relationship between surface air temperature and snow melt over northern land areas during spring and (iv) for sea ice feedbacks, the simulation of sea ice thickness.

They find that the different moisture availability over land and ocean leads to different atmospheric temperature lapse rates (latent heat release), which in combination with a well - mixed free (above boundary layer) atmosphere can explain the land — sea contrast.

The fact of the Monstreal Protocol's existence seems to stand as conclusive proof of the environmentalists» presuppositions and claims, both with respect to the ozone layer, and atmospheric CO2.

The results are qualitatively consistent with trends in NCEP atmospheric temperatures (which must also be treated with great caution) that show an increase in the stability of the convective boundary layer as the global temperature has risen over the period.

Without the cutesy back radiation into a warmer surface invention, it might be easier to explain the potential radiative impact of CO2 and with a better model of the atmospheric layers, understand why it is not living up to its potential.

However, even with the large enhancements in rate due to ammonia and ions, atmospheric concentrations of ammonia and sulphuric acid are insufficient to account for observed boundary - layer nucleation.

Even with the large enhancements in rate caused by ammonia and ions, they conclude that atmospheric concentrations of ammonia and sulphuric acid are insufficient to account for observed boundary layer nucleation.

So Leonard Weinstein, are you in agreement with Peter Minnett that additional atmospheric CO2 will further slow the loss of SW warming of the oceans from the skin layer to the atmosphere?

JCH January 22, 2014 at 9:35 am «So Leonard Weinstein, are you in agreement with Peter Minnett that additional atmospheric CO2 will further slow the loss of SW warming of the oceans from the skin layer to the atmosphere?»

The intensity is proportional to the temperature of broad vertical layers of the atmosphere, as demonstrated by theory and direct comparisons with atmospheric temperatures from radiosonde (balloon) profiles.

After looking at the various elements of the climate models, they judged that there was little to do with the dynamical core of the atmospheric model (that it was quite mature and performing quite well), although there were issues with the parameterizations of convection and the atmospheric boundary layer.