The lower jaw of < em class ="redactor - inline - converted"> Graecopithecus found in Greece, which indicates that early humans may have split from the last common
ancestor with chimpanzees in Europe (Credit: Wolfgang Gerber, University of Tübingen)
In the 1960s, National Geographic sent a cameraman to film Jane Goodall's pioneering work
with chimpanzees in Tanzania's Gombe Stream National Park.
Using this approach, we have sequenced ~ 14,000 protein - coding positions inferred to have changed on the human lineage since the last common ancestor
shared with chimpanzees.
Jane: Using previously unseen footage stored for more than 50 years in National Geographic's archive, this documentary offers a close - up, extraordinary look at Jane Goodall's pioneering
work with chimpanzees in 1960s Tanzania.
Specifically, the IOM committee says NIH should support only biomedical
research with chimpanzees if it promises to advance public health, can not be done with another research model or ethically performed with humans, and the animals are kept in ecologically appropriate housing or habitats.
Now it looks as if the latest accidental beneficiary of decades of violence and despotism may be the bonobo, which
along with the chimpanzee is the closest species to humans, in genetics if not disposition (bonobos are generally a more peaceful lot).
The non-mechanistic student of animal behavior tries to study animals in their complex relations with a complex world, as Goodall (1971, 1986) has
done with chimpanzees in Gombe Reserve and as Donald R. Griffin (1976, 1984) has proposed.
The project demonstrates how
studies with chimpanzees can contribute to the National Institute of Mental Health's recently introduced Research Domain Criteria (RDoC), which aims to explain the neurobiological basis of mental illness.
«It could change our perception of human uniqueness, that we share some of that ability not
just with chimpanzees and closely related species but also with a very different species.»
Or it also may be,
as with chimpanzees (now classified as an endangered species), the possible annihilation of the species altogether.
Early hominids have even been posited to have possibly
interbred with chimpanzees until just before the appearance of Australopithecus in the fossil record.
Our evolving chemical signature, they suggest, allowed us to outcompete other apes and early hominins, referring to the numerous humanlike species that arose after our
split with chimpanzees over six million years ago.
Comparisons
with the chimpanzee genome indicate that human SIGLEC11 emerged through human - specific gene conversion by an adjacent pseudogene.
We may share many
genes with chimpanzees, but it's rare for them to cluster together in the same combinations.
Interestingly, humans underwent a recent burst of DNA gain after their divergence
with chimpanzee which is consistent with rates of human - specific Alu and L1 activity [74](Fig 8a).
A human of any race can mate with a human of any other race, but none of us can
mate with a chimpanzee, for example.
Research
with chimpanzees finds that chimps yawn more around other yawning chimps from their own community than with those from a separate community.
The human version of a DNA sequence called HARE5 turns on a gene important for brain development (gene activity is stained blue), and causes a mouse embryo to grow a 12 percent larger brain by the end of pregnancy than an embryo
injected with the chimpanzee version of HARE5.
«An ability which was previously thought to be uniquely human presumably has evolved earlier, so that it's shared with orangutans and
presumably with chimpanzees as well.»
Psychologist Gordon Gallup, currently at the University of Albany, S.U.N.Y, developed the
test with chimpanzees.
Significantly, compared with the other animals studied, humans have experienced the fastest overall rate of change in the gene since our evolutionary line parted
ways with chimpanzees and other primates.
«Given this complete absence of interest in a space now approaching 3 years, I think it's fair to say the scientific community has come up with other ways to answer the kinds of questions they used to
ask with chimpanzees,» Collins tells Science.
When primatologist Jill Pruetz found herself threatened by wildfires in the savannas of Fongoli, Senegal, in 2006 she had two options:
stay with the chimpanzees she was studying, or run.
Seventeen raters who work closely and
directly with chimpanzees used the scale to assess 99 chimpanzees in their care at the Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center in Bastrop, Texas.
In other words, when it comes to studying speech, you won't get
far with a chimpanzee — you'll need a zebra finch.
The researchers used the very large survey of human genetic variation called HapMap for their analysis, which compared human
variations with the chimpanzee genome.
Prime - boost
vaccination with chimpanzee adenovirus and modified vaccinia Ankara encoding TRAP provides partial protection against Plasmodium falciparum infection in Kenyan adult.
Frans de Waal's work
with chimpanzees shows the probable origins of human ethics and morality in our predecessor social animals.
Audio Clip: A newscaster reports on Goodall, «Jane Goodall, tall, blonde and beautiful
living with the chimpanzees in the wilds of Africa.»
The Dutch photographer and filmmaker Hugo van Lawick was sent to document Jane Goodall's first establishment of
contact with the chimpanzee population, resulting in the enormously popular Miss Goodall and the Wild Chimpanzees, the second film ever produced by National Geographic.
If it seems as though Jane Goodall has always been out there, doing her
thing with chimpanzees, she pretty much has: Since 1960, she has been either in Africa studying apes or traveling the world talking about them.
Craig Dongoski presents a body of work that employs drawing - sound experiments and innovations in
tandem with chimpanzees through the Language Research Center in Atlanta.
The researchers conclude that humans inherited a language of gestures and a latent capacity for learning symbolic language from the last ancestor we
share with our chimpanzee and bonobo relatives — an ancestor that lived approximately 6 million years ago.
A committee commissioned by the U.S. National Institutes of Health has recommended that NIH should continue funding biomedical and behavioral
research with chimpanzees, but with new stipulations.