Where a State assesses the native title claim against legal criteria prior to entering negotiations
with the claimant group it is important that there is a clear understanding by the group of what is required to satisfy the government's test.
A developing practice by state governments is to require a connection report from independent experts about the merits of the native title claim prior to entering into negotiations
with the claimant group.
I conclude that a policy based on these principles would, working in partnership
with the claimant group:
Not exact matches
The problem
with the IPT, as Harriet Wistrich, a solicitor
with Birnberg Pierce and Partners, acting for one
group of
claimants, explained, is that it is «a completely unfair process»
«We know there is a small
group of benefit
claimants without the major physical or health barriers to work associated
with incapacity benefit - who live in areas where there is no shortage of vacancies, particularly for low - skilled jobs but who nonetheless remain on benefits for long periods of time,» he said.
«I am impressed by the success of the Pathways programme - it proves that
with the right support we can make a difference even
with long - term benefit
claimants, which is a
group of people usually considered harder to help,» employment minister Stephen Timms said.
A
group of claims handlers found that, over a 12 - month period between mid-2013 and mid-2014, up to 30 % of PPI offers made by some providers included comparative redress,
with claimants affected being about # 730 worse off on average.
(i) size and nature of the organization; (ii) part of the organization
with which the refugee
claimant was most directly concerned; (iii) refugee
claimant's duties and activities within the organization; (iv) refugee
claimant's position or rank in the organization; (v) length of time the refugee
claimant was in the organization, particularly after acquiring knowledge of the
group's crime or criminal purpose; (vi) method by which the refugee
claimant was recruited and opportunity to leave.
We are also familiar
with the myriad of cost sharing agreements and client constitution arrangements that bind
group litigation, which may be especially complex where
claimants have different preliminary challenges to their specific claims.
Acted for the
claimant group (one of the UK's largest specialist recruitment businesses providing the Infrastructure sector
with permanent, contract and temporary staff) in High Court, Queen's Bench Division proceedings.
[48] Exclusivity might be established by proof that others were excluded from the land, or that others were only allowed access to the land
with the permission of the
claimant group.
The best known jurisdiction is perhaps, the US, which is renowned, perhaps unfairly, for big ticket
group claims, involving many dozens if not hundreds of
claimants,
with damages in the millions.
Nearly seven years after the start of the court review of the exchange ratio applied to the merger of IMMOEAST and IMMOFINANZ, IMMOFINANZ has reached an agreement in principle through out - of - court negotiations
with most of the
claimants and the representatives appointed for the respective shareholder
groups to terminate these proceedings through settlement.
They were playing in a courtyard and part of a walkway which was the social area for their age
group when, running backwards, the first defendant collided
with the
claimant.
«My reward is knowing my hard work for personal injury clients is appreciated» Annalae Hodgson - Since receiving her Legal Administrative Assistant Certificate from Douglas College in 2010 Annie has worked exclusively on behalf of personal injury
claimants at Holness Law
Group and is experienced dealing
with ICBC insurance adjusters.
We focus on people and partnerships, working closely
with a small
group of leading
claimant law firms, applying our capital and expertise to help grow their practice and better serve their clients.
Although the
claimant's association
with a historically more advantaged or disadvantaged
group or
groups is not per se determinative of an infringement, the existence of these pre-existing factors will favour a finding that s. 15 (1) has been infringed.
In R v Spencer, which dealt
with informational privacy relating to Internet service subscriber data in the hands of third - party companies, Cromwell J, for the court, organized the expectation of privacy analysis into four general areas: (1) the subject matter of the alleged search; (2) the
claimant's interest in the subject matter; (3) the
claimant's subjective expectation of privacy; and (4) whether this subjective expectation of privacy was objectively reasonable, having regard to the totality of the circumstances.6 None of these tests are inconsistent; they are articulations of the same overarching concerns
grouped differently as suited to a particular inquiry.
In Horace Holman
Group Ltd v Sherwood International
Group Ltd [2001] All ER (D) 83 (Nov), the
claimant adduced oral evidence — not supported by contemporaneous time sheets — of the time spent by its directors and staff in dealing
with the defendant's breaches.
Also be careful
with labels where there is a
group of defendants or
claimants.
The Lapps in G and E v Norway (1983) 35 DR 30 and the gipsies in Buckley v United Kingdom (Application 20348 / 92)(1996) 23 EHRR 101, to which the
claimants had referred, belonged to distinctive
groups, each
with a traditional culture and lifestyle so fundamental as to form part of its identity.
The
claimant had insurance
with the Co-operative Insurance Society (CIS), and legal expenses and assistance insurance provided by DAS Legal Expenses Insurance Co Ltd (DAS), which was part of a
group of companies.
An investor
group called Sunlot Holdings is seeking to revive the failed Bitcoin exchange Mt. Gox has made a deal
with the
claimants in two class action lawsuits on a proposed settlement.
Several NTRBs reported that, due to funding shortages, their «engagement»
with native title
claimant groups is limited to advising and taking instructions from the claim's applicants listed on the Federal Court's records (and this is sometimes only five people on behalf of a
group of 100 or more).
Claimant groups who do not have an opportunity to engage
with companies are particularly affected.
While a number of states require the
claimant group to provide the State
with evidence in relation to legal criteria as a condition precedent to commencing negotiation, there are varying degrees to which the legal tests are applied.
As a result,
claimant groups will be denied access to a partnership
with government essential to their sustainable development.
As required by the Native Title Act, FMG negotiated
with both native title parties — the Puutu Kunti Kurrama and Pinikura People (PKKP), a registered native title
claimant group for part of the area, and the Wintiwari Guruma Aboriginal Corporation (WGAC), the registered native title body corporate for the balance of the area.
This chapter evaluates State and Commonwealth native title policies by reference to whether they direct native title negotiations towards the sustainable development of the
claimant group in accordance
with internationally recognised human rights principles.
Under this approach a state may enter into negotiations
with the traditional owner
group either through the mediation process offered under the NTA or by means of their own processes without waiting for the collection of evidence by the
claimant group in relation to the continuity of their connection, the continuity of their observance of traditional laws and customs and the compilation of a tenure history by the state.
In South Australia the negotiation process is structured to be consistent
with the time frames required by the
claimant group to develop its capacity to achieve its development goals.
Facilitate the participation of the native title
claimant group in the negotiation process both for the purpose of advocating its position, and also to integrate its objectives
with those of other stakeholders.
[13] A benefit for all stakeholders in adopting this approach is that it ensures that each individual member act
with the authority of the
claimant group.
Since the first native title
claimant application was lodged by the Quandamooka Peoples in 1995, the process of resolving their native title required the claim
group to decide who are the people in the native title claim
group, who are the person or people that are the applicant, and negotiate
with multiple parties about their native title rights and interests over North Stradbroke Island and some of the surrounding islands and waters of Morton Bay.
In these cases the future act provisions of the NTA provide processes for the conduct of negotiations between the State and native title
claimants and an opportunity for States to negotiate
with traditional owner
groups as if these
groups had legally recognised rights to the land.
The requirement for those in the
claimant group to express the relationships which connect them in terms of biological descent is at odds
with traditional ways of defining who has rights to country...
For example, if a mediator has intimate knowledge of the area and the
claimant group, or other Indigenous
groups residing in the area, then he or she may run the mediation
with a predetermined outcome in mind.
... as a matter of experience in practical affairs, as well as for logical reasons, if it be accepted that the
claimant community had no right to occupy these waters to the exclusion of all others, it is difficult to envisage how, in accordance
with traditional custom, the
group could assert, and effectively assert, a right to trade in the area's resources.
(c) the burden of proof in relation to cessation of native title (whether by expiry, abandonment or extinguishment), once a
claimant group has adduced evidence as to its current observance and acknowledgment of traditional laws and customs, and as to the connection
with the land or waters; and
Given the gravity of the consequences flowing from a finding that a
claimant group is not who they claim (and perceive themselves) to be, and consistent
with principles of equality and respect for culture, as well as the intention of the Parliament in enacting the NTA «to rectify past injustices» and establish a «special procedure... for the just and proper ascertainment of native title rights and interests... in a manner that has due regard to their unique character», the Court should, it is respectfully submitted, approach the admission of oral testimonies of native title
claimants in ways which accommodate Aboriginal accounts of their histories [85] and are, where appropriate, sceptical in the receipt of written records of the past.
In particular, the Commission seeks leave to challenge as erroneous and inconsistent
with the enunciated human rights standards the following aspects of the approach of the trial judge, Olney J, in finding that before the end of the 19th century the
claimant group had ceased to acknowledge and observe traditional laws and customs:
In weighing evidence as to whether native title has ceased to exist, it is appropriate for the Court to ask whether there has been shown a clear and plain intention on the part of the
claimant group to abandon all underlying connection
with the land.
I believe this has nothing to do
with any additional uses of the land — generally very marginal — that the determination makes available; rather, the fact that a government institution has formally recognised the
claimant group's prior ownership of the subject land and the fact of its dispossession.
The South Australian Government has negotiation threshold issues which include the registration of a native title claim before it will proceed
with negotiations (notwithstanding the fact that it engages in non-native title negotiations), the resolution of any significant native title claim overlaps, the need to have a reasonably cohesive native title
claimant group, a willingness to negotiate, and a stable functioning management committee.
[67] Such an approach fails to appreciate that Indigenous people have rights both as native title
claimants (before any Court decision has been made in relation to the land)[68] and rights after native title has been determined (
with the Court's orders identifying the relevant land,
group of people, and rights [69]-RRB-.
In these cases the future act provisions of the Native Title Act provide processes for the conduct of negotiations between the State and native title
claimants and an opportunity for States to negotiate
with traditional owner
groups as if these
groups had legally recognised rights to the land.
I believe this has nothing to do
with any additional uses of the land... rather, the fact that a government institution has formally recognised the
claimant group's prior ownership of the subject land and the fact of its dispossession.