Sentences with phrase «with electrons in the atoms»

When the positrons collide with electrons in the atoms that make up the spacecraft, they annihilate each other, producing gamma - ray photons with a telltale energy in the process.

Electron - flavor neutrinos are special because they can interact with the Earth: They alone can meaningfully interact with electrons in atoms.

Not exact matches

Let us think of an electron microscope giving the situation of a target T with an atom A in the target with an electron coming in and being scattered by the atom.

Von Neumann says that as a result of this interaction with the electron, the atom is left in a certain state.

Then, list 2 effects that would be expected upon substi - tuting an electron with a muon in a helium atom when mixed into a hydrogen cloud.

Then, summarize the effects that would be expected upon subst - ituting an electron with a muon in a helium atom when mixed into a hydrogen cloud.

Accordingly, he understands electrons and atoms in terms of «an analogy between the transference of energy from particular occasion to particular occasion in physical nature and the transference of affective tone, with its emotional energy, from one occasion to another in any human personality.

Nearing the very core of such awesomely huge black holes therein resides a centrality where atoms collide with such force that they release many of their atoms» electrons resulting in a wave of energy giving rise to particle jets being emitted from the said black hole's core.

We will be concerned, however, with mental models of systems which for various reasons can not be represented by replicas, such as the economy of a nation, the electrons in an atom or the biblical God.

It is by virtue of their physical properties that electrons and other particles combine in different ways to produce atoms, and so it is with atoms that find themselves in juxtaposition and then combine to produce molecules.

Process Theology puts God in intimate and immediate relationship with every electron, atom, planet, and person.

There are basically two types of lines, those produced by collisions between the atoms or ions and the electrons in the surrounding gas, which are called collision lines, and which are very bright for elements such as oxygen, nitrogen and neon, and lines which are produced when ions capture free electrons, which are called recombination lines, and which are bright only for those gases with the highest abundances in the interstellar medium: hydrogen and helium.

Crucially, the pattern was a projection of the spacings of the energy levels in the hydrogen atom, as laid out in the wave function, with bright rings where electrons were present and dark lanes where they were not (Physical Review Letters, doi.org/mmz).

Then for the bizarre part: Atom C, because it was previously entangled with B, became imprinted with atom A's information — in this case, a pattern in the spin of its electrAtom C, because it was previously entangled with B, became imprinted with atom A's information — in this case, a pattern in the spin of its electratom A's information — in this case, a pattern in the spin of its electrons.

Ideally, the electron gains so much energy in the laser field that upon impact with the atom, a much shorter flash of light with very high energy is emitted — an attosecond laser pulse, with a frequency in the ultraviolet - or x-ray regime.

Unlike a black hole in space, the X-rayed atom does not draw in matter from its surroundings through the force of gravity, but electrons with its electrical charge — causing the molecule to explode within the tiniest fraction of a second.

Take Dario Bressanini, a physical chemist at the University of Insubria in Como, Italy: He spends most of his day studying how positrons — the antimatter counterpart of electrons — interact with atoms and molecules.

From the rotation and the nuclear motion in molecules captured in the last decades with femtosecond technology, we are now able for the first time to track in real time the response of electrons bound in atoms,» Dr. Goulielmakis pointed out.

They found they could capture the essential features of these complicated materials, containing vast numbers of interacting electrons, with just a single rule: Electrons can move randomly from one atom to another within a given sample, but they can only move electrons, with just a single rule: Electrons can move randomly from one atom to another within a given sample, but they can only move Electrons can move randomly from one atom to another within a given sample, but they can only move in pairs.

«When positronium hits an atom, the electrons in the atom don't know what to do — do they stick with the nucleus, or try to chase after the positron?»

Doctoral student Florian Vogel and Dr. Nelia Wanderka from the HZB Institute of Applied Materials have elegantly combined two methods to accomplish this: transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and atom probe tomography (APT), which they carried out in collaboration with colleagues from the University of Münster.

In the late 1990s, Arthur Nozik of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colorado, and the University of Colorado, Boulder, theorized that if the semiconductors were made out of nanoparticles, they could excite multiple electrons with less photon energy, because less of the incoming energy would be sapped by vibrating atoms in the crystalline latticIn the late 1990s, Arthur Nozik of the National Renewable Energy Laboratory in Golden, Colorado, and the University of Colorado, Boulder, theorized that if the semiconductors were made out of nanoparticles, they could excite multiple electrons with less photon energy, because less of the incoming energy would be sapped by vibrating atoms in the crystalline latticin Golden, Colorado, and the University of Colorado, Boulder, theorized that if the semiconductors were made out of nanoparticles, they could excite multiple electrons with less photon energy, because less of the incoming energy would be sapped by vibrating atoms in the crystalline latticin the crystalline lattice.

Because all of the atoms in graphene are at the surface, individual atoms and any defects in the structure are directly visible in a high resolution electron microscope, but at the same time they easily interact with the environment.

But in rare cases molecules with an even number of electrons can behave like radicals, because the arrangement of their atoms prevents all the electrons from finding partners with which to pair up.

Hydrogen atoms are formed in such devices only when electrons flow into a fluid where they can combine with hydrogen ions; those atoms in turn combine with each other to create hydrogen gas.

Researchers in Spain have discovered that if lead atoms are intercalated on a graphene sheet, a powerful magnetic field is generated by the interaction of the electrons» spin with their orbital movement.

They then exposed the evolving quantum system to a third laser beam to try and excite the atoms into what is known as a Rydberg state — a state in which one of an atom's electrons is excited to a very high energy compared with the rest of the atom's electrons.

Atoms of most elements, such as hydrogen, oxygen and carbon, form tight chemical bonds by sharing electrons with their neighbours in order to give each atom a stable configuration of electrons.

Dawson is an expert on the interactions of lasers with plasma, the high - energy state of matter in which electrons are no longer bound in atoms, but move around independently of the positive ions they leave behind.

Fundamentally, the impulse depends upon how the difference in energy along the two paths compares with the energy of the laser photons, where the atom's energy is formed of potential (internal electron configuration) and kinetic (external motion) parts.

«Those electrons are driven into the upper atmosphere, collide with nitrogen and oxygen atoms and molecules, and then create a spray of secondary and tertiary radiation, likely in the form of gamma rays,» Tobiska says.

Spin often is compared with a tiny bar magnet like a compass needle, either pointing up or down — representing one or zero — in an electron or an atom's nucleus.

Despite existing in a solid and being surrounded by atoms, these electrons can sometimes behave just like free electrons, albeit with an «effective mass» that may be different than the free electron mass.

To achieve excellent efficiency, these one - dimensional paths must be paved with absolute perfection — a single errant atom can stop racing electrons in their tracks or even launch it backwards.

Keeping that in mind, Holland and his team designed a new compound with two distinct properties found in nitrogenase: large shielding groups of atoms that prevented undesired reactions, and a weak iron - sulfur bond that could break easily upon the addition of electrons.

This results in defects in the lattice structure: some few carbon atoms — fewer than 1 % — separate from the lattice and are replaced with nitrogen atoms, which bring along additional electrons.

OU researchers excite the Rydberg atom using lasers in a cloud of ground - state atoms, so the Rydberg electron can collide with a ground - state atom and form the molecule.

To observe ultrafast electron motions in space and time, one needs to measure the position of electrons in the material with a precision of the order of 0.1 nm (0.1 nm = 10 - 10 m), roughly corresponding to the distance between neighboring atoms, and on a sub-100 fs time scale (1 fs = 10 - 15s).

«Atoms with magnetic properties disrupt the energy levels of electrons in a quantum dot, which affects how they interact with light.

But if the material's atomic structure is more random — with some atoms here, and a whole bunch over there, as is the case in many industrially manufactured alloys — then the electron waves scatter and reflect in highly complicated ways that can lead the waves to disappear altogether.

This means that it is possible to observe what happened with an atom or a molecule in the time between the tunneling of an electron and its return to the ion with attosecond resolution.

They propose that cosmic rays contribute to ozone depletion through their interactions with human - made chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in the atmosphere: electrons created by cosmic rays break down CFC molecules, leading to the production of chorine atoms, which in turn break down ozone.

Unlike regular polymers like the polystyrene that vending machines cups are made from, or the clear polycarbonate that CDs are pressed with, the molecules in the new rubbery polymers are not linked by strong covalent bonds — which involve atoms sharing electrons.

Smashy - smashy Switching on in Switzerland next year with an impressive 13 trillion electron volts of energy, all aimed at orchestrating atom collisions, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will potentially recreate conditions similar to those following the Big Bang.

The argon was produced in the initial stellar explosion, and then ionised, or energised, with electrons stripped from the atoms in resulting intense radiation as shockwaves.

Each cluster consists of hydrogen molecules arranged around a negatively charged hydrogen ion — a single hydrogen atom with an extra electron — at temperatures near absolute zero, the researchers report in the Dec. 30 Physical Review Letters.

The single - atom transistor is made by carving a slot in a hydrogen - coated silicon wafer with a tunneling electron microscope and depositing a single phosphorus atom in the hole.

All the elements in the periodic table consist of atoms with a nucleus of positively charged protons, orbited by the same number of negatively charged electrons.

Although we've talked about breaking an atom apart in steps, you can, of course, hit a complete atom (electrons and nucleus) with something; if you hit it hard enough, you'll get a load of bits and pieces.

Researchers use a similar trick to study atomic electrons — by pinging atoms with exceedingly short light pulses, they can watch electrons» quantum states evolve in unprecedented detail.