Researchers at SciLifeLab / Uppsala University headed by Johan Elf have used a combination of microfluidics and image analysis of E. coli
with fluorescent labels on the replication machinery to study how the replication and division cycles are coupled in individual cells.
Human induced pluripotent stem cell neurons imaged in phase contrast (gray pixels, left)-- currently processed manually
with fluorescent labels (color pixels) to make them visible.
«We trained the neural network by showing it two sets of matching images of the same cells; one unlabeled and one
with fluorescent labels,» coauthor Eric Christiansen, a software engineer at Google Accelerated Science, says a press release.
«We trained the neural network by showing it two sets of matching images of the same cells; one unlabeled and one
with fluorescent labels,» explained Christiansen, software engineer at Google Accelerated Science.
Machines copy DNA strands and modify
them with fluorescent labels and other compounds to enable them to read DNA's sequence letters, or bases.
Not exact matches
While light - sheet microscopy is an old idea — scientists at ZEISS Microscopy and collaborators first came up
with it in 1903 — only in this century has the convergence of
fluorescent labels that work to process image volumes combined to make light - sheet mainstream.
Traditional techniques involve
labelling or injecting the cells
with stains or fluorophores —
fluorescent compounds that «glow» when exposed to light — to detect their intricate structures.
The system uses an enzyme called DNA polymerase to read a strand of DNA and build a complementary strand out of nucleotides
labeled with fluorescent molecules.
Blood stem cells in the bone marrow have been
labeled with a
fluorescent marker protein.
Developmental biologist Francesca Peri of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, Germany, and colleagues created genetically engineered versions of the animals that produced microglia
labelled with green
fluorescent protein, a glowing compound frequently used in laboratory research.
To image glucose uptake activity at the cellular level, glucose analogues
labeled with fluorescent dyes have been developed.
In order to test the sensitivity and specificity of spectral histopathology, the RUB team compared SHP
with classical immunohistochemical methods, in which tumours are identified
with the aid of
fluorescent labels.
One side of each dumbbell was filled
with a different short sequence of DNA
labeled with a
fluorescent molecule.
The group employed various viral tracing methods — infecting receptor - expressing neurons
with a virus strain and watching them spread as they
label infected cells
with a
fluorescent protein — to visualize the neural circuit downstream of the ESP1 receptor, as well as providing an image of nerve fibers belonging to specific neurons in the brain and synapses relaying impulses from neuron to neuron, to map the anatomical foundation that conveys ESP1 signals in the brain.
Typically, detection of biomolecules such as proteins are performed using colorimetric assays or
fluorescent labelling with a secondary antibody for detection, and requires complex optical detection equipment such as
fluorescent microscopy or spectrophotometry.
Using new technologies for
labeling cellular machinery
with light - activated
fluorescent markers, they could «turn on» just one molecule at a time.
In the Nature Biotechnology study, the researchers used it to anchor proteins, and they also showed that the technique works on tissue that has been previously
labeled with either
fluorescent antibodies or proteins such as green
fluorescent protein (GFP).
Such vectors have become critical tools for delivering genes to treat disease or to
label neurons and their connective fibers
with fluorescent colors to map out their locations.
Smith's team
labelled the virus
with green
fluorescent protein, and
labelled some — but not all — cells
with a red marker that tagged the actin.
An early skate embryo that has just been
labeled with the
fluorescent dye.
The group of imaging specialists led by Prof. Michael Schäfers, Coordinator of the Cluster of Excellence,
labelled the cells thus obtained
with various
fluorescent dyes in order to be able to study them in living organisms — initially
with the optical method of fluorescence reflectance imaging.
Instead, the new method, called patterned photoactivation non-linear SIM, begins by switching on just a subset of
fluorescent labels in a sample
with a pattern of light.
By
labeling the different subgroups
with fluorescent dyes, researchers determined that just one of the subclones was responsible for the disease metastasis.
IEC - 6 cells were
labeled with either red or green
fluorescent dyes.
Wellington and her colleagues detected the dormant cells
with fluorescent -
labelled antibodies which cling specifically to S. typhimurium.
A thalamocortical, or TC neuron
labeled with fluorescent dye, as used in Dr. Augustinaite's study.
They removed spermatogonia
labeled with a
fluorescent marker from a mature male trout and injected the cells into the abdomens of newly hatched male and female trout fry.
Sandia National Laboratories researchers are drawing inspiration from neurons in the brain, such as these green
fluorescent protein -
labeled neurons in a mouse neocortex,
with the aim of developing neuro - inspired computing systems to reboot computing.
Then they injected the mice
with lymphocytes
labeled with a
fluorescent dye.
Nine weeks after receiving the injections, long after the animal was born, the scientists examined its brain to see where the cells, which they'd
labeled with a
fluorescent marker, had gone.
Specifically, cell cultures from bone tissue were incubated in 10 % DMEM containing 10 ng / ml TNF - α and 10 μg / ml
fluorescent probe of acetylated LDL, DiI - Ac - LDL (Biochemical Technologies, Cambridge, MA), for 4 h. Cells were harvested in the manner described above
with the exception that during this
labeling period, the rat anti-E-selectin mAb (10E9.6) conjugated to FITC replaced PE - conjugated 10E9.6.
Because zebrafish are transparent until their stripes emerge in adulthood, Oehlers could
label the bacteria, immune cells, and vasculature
with differently colored
fluorescent tags and then follow a TB infection over time.
They found that injecting into the carotid artery breast cancer cells that express markers allowing them to enter the brain — cells
labelled with bioluminescent and
fluorescent markers to enable tracking by imaging technologies — resulted in the formation of many metastatic tumors throughout the brain, mimicking what is seen in advanced breast cancer patients.
The injected cells express markers that allow them to enter the brain and are
labelled with bioluminescent and
fluorescent markers to enable tracking by imaging technologies.
By
labeling one of the shell proteins
with Yellow
Fluorescent Protein (YFP), we were able to use confocal fluorescence microscopy to observe punctuate loci forming inside chloroplasts.
The membranes of cells that have been successfully targeted
with gesicles are transiently
labeled with red
fluorescent protein.
One common complaint about using four - color Confetti to
label single cells (in an animal) is that the cells express green
fluorescent protein less often, or sometimes not at all, compared
with cells that express each of the other three colors.
The ability to
label different subcellular locations
with the green
fluorescent protein (GFP) has made it possible to visualize intracellular activities in living cells.
Furthermore, once these proteins are identified, they can be selectively
labeled with antibodies linked to green
fluorescent protein (GFP) and directly observed in a cell.
The authors then tested the tumor targeting capability of iPSC - EPCs
labelled with the near - infrared
fluorescent dye DiR in two established mouse breast cancer models.
Control and gesicle - treated hiPS cells were assessed for AcGFP1 expression (green),
labeled with an antibody specific to pluripotency marker Oct ‑ 4, visualized
with a
fluorescent -
labeled secondary antibody (red), and nuclear -
labeled with DAPI (blue).
Using
fluorescent labels with unlabeled images to train a deep neural network to bring out image detail.
«It tells you about the ecosystem of the tumour», Simona says, «using
fluorescent markers, we can
label many specific cell types and structures within the brain in the vicinity of the tumour, and look not just at the tumour cells but how they interact
with their surroundings.
A cortical layer 2/3 neuron at 21 days in vitro
labeled by ex utero electroporation
with fluorescent marker for spine visualization.
In 2002, an offer to join the faculty of MIT's Chemistry Department drew her back to the East Coast, where she was able to begin tackling the problem that had «repeatedly stymied» her throughout her PhD and postdoc years: site - specific protein
labeling — how to
label a particular protein
with a
fluorescent tag or other «chemical probe» to reveal information about that protein's function.
(Right three images)
Labeled images created
with three different
fluorescent labels, revealing invisible details of cell nuclei (blue), dendrites (green), and axons (red).
Neurosurgeons are partnering
with chemists to develop
fluorescent «
labels» that can pinpoint the location of cancerous cells in the brain.
For example,
with standard
fluorescent microscope filter sets, users can
label multiple proteins of interest
with a combination of green and blue or cyan and yellow moxFPs.
Close - up of muscle fibres in a zebrafish
with the protein, actin,
labelled with green
fluorescent protein (GFP) Image credit: Elisabeth Busch, Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute
However, we recently developed AAV (adeno - associated virus)- based
fluorescent labeling methods that can be used
with 3DISCO to image non-transgenic animals such as rats (17).