In order to specifically label molecules
with fluorophores in intact cells, we prepare highly stable unnatural amino acids that rapidly and irreversibly undergo cycloaddition reactions (click chemistry) with unsurpassed speed and study their application in collaboration with the Lemke group.
Fuat Aksoy (Pompe, TUD)-- «Interaction of metal nanoparticles
with fluorophores and their effect of fluorescence» (2009)
Single cell suspensions were washed in PBS and then stained for 20 — 30 min on ice in the dark
with fluorophore - labeled Abs (for a complete list see Tables 1 and 2) and fixable viability dye (eBioscience).
Not exact matches
In their latest work, Still's team strung these molecules, called chemosensors,
with a molecule called a
fluorophore that glows when the sensor alters its shape after binding to a peptide.
Traditional techniques involve labelling or injecting the cells
with stains or
fluorophores — fluorescent compounds that «glow» when exposed to light — to detect their intricate structures.
Researchers at Osaka University overcame these limitations
with fluorescent SM analogs by joining several fluorescent chemical compounds (
fluorophores) that were highly hydrophilic to the hydrophobic lipid part (mainly acyl chains) of the synthetic molecule.
Recombinant proteins containing tetracysteine tags can be successively labeled in living cells
with different colors of biarsenical
fluorophores so that older and younger protein molecules can be sharply distinguished by both fluorescence and electron microscopy.
Instead, they create a library of several hundred
fluorophores with varying chemical additions and three - dimensional conformations and then test each in mice to see which are taken up by specific tissues in the body.
The fluoresence image (b) shows a 4 - layer lattice printed by sequentially depositing four PDMS inks (c), each dyed
with a different
fluorophore.
This fluoresence image shows a 4 - layer lattice printed by sequentially depositing four PDMS inks, each dyed
with a different
fluorophore.
Its emission varies depending on pH levels, the blue violet has an acidic pH and yellow a neutral pH. Nuclear green is a nuclear - specific DNA dye that simplifies working
with red
fluorophores.
(b) Proteins in contact
with a bifunctional lipid are tagged in vivo by photoaffinity labeling and then derivatized in vitro
with biotin or a
fluorophore using click chemistry, allowing their purification or visualization.
The brightest
fluorophore should be reserved for the detection of the antigen
with the least abundant expression level.
Use
fluorophores with a narrow emission spectrum in multi-color IF experiments to avoid spectral overlap
- Based on the expression level / pattern of the protein of interest, decide what antigen to detect
with which
fluorophore in multi-color experiments.
In Figure 4, Panel B, cells were incubated simultaneously
with anti ‑ SSEA ‑ 4 and anti - TRA ‑ 1 ‑ 60 antibodies, since they were labeled
with different
fluorophores (PE and FITC, respectively).
For certain filters, e.g., FITC / TRITC filters, the compatibility evaluation is quite easy as they have been named after the
fluorophores they are meant to be used
with.
A
Fluorophore Fusion - construct of Human Profilin I
with Non-compromized poly (L - Proline) Binding capacity suitable for Imaging.
Alternatively, anti-horseradish peroxidase conjugated
with other enzymes or
fluorophores may be used to enhance signal and reduce background, since the final signal does not depend on the enzyme activity of peroxidase, but on the antigenicity of horseradish peroxidase.
«This core is functionalized
with a dense layer of stable dithiol - modified DNA oligonucleotides hybridized
with distinctive
fluorophore - capped «reporter» sequences.»
The result is illumination from the microlens disk through the pinhole disk for strong excitation of
fluorophores, causing a fluorescence emission which in turn passes through the pinhole disk
with high confocality.
Instead, you can pre-incubate individual primary antibodies
with secondary nanobodies conjugated
with the desired
fluorophores.
TIRF is also very gentle on the sample as the majority of the laser light is reflected away from the sample and excitation occurs through the
fluorophore's interaction
with an evanescent energy field.
Following incubation for 60 min at 37 °C, the slides were washed extensively
with PBS and secondary antibodies conjugated to
fluorophores were added for 30 min.
Experts
with extensive experience using FRET discuss the practical considerations that need to be considered when embarking on a study using FRET, for example, selection of
fluorophore pairs and minimisation of imaging - induced artefacts.
CEP8 - SA probe complementary to human chromosome 8 - specific centromeric repetitive sequences and directly labeled
with SpectrumAqua
fluorophore was obtained from Abbott Molecular, Inc. (Des Plaines, IL).
Homogeneous Time - Resolved Fluorescence (HTRF) Utilizing rare - earth lanthanides
with long emission half - lives as donor
fluorophores, HTRF technology combines standard FRET
with the time - resolved measurement (TR) of fluorescence.
The Tol2 Gateway - Compatible Toolbox is based on the original Tol2kit generated by the Chi - Bin Chien lab (Kwan et al., 2007) and includes four promoters, six
fluorophores with nonoverlapping emission spectra (N - and C - terminal tags for mTagBFP, TagRFPt, EGFP, mVenus, mCerulean3, mKOFP2) and empty vectors that have standard cloning sites or gateway compatible cloning sites for easy cloning of your genes of interest.