Early in the disease, distemper can be confused
with human influenza to which ferrets are also susceptible.
«As
with the human influenza, there is a risk for secondary bacterial infections which can be serious.
Just like
with human influenza, most who contract the disease will make a full recovery without intervention.
The disease can also contaminate bowls, leashes, collars, and the hands and clothing of people who handle ill dogs, so just as
with human influenza, frequent hand washing and disinfection may help in preventing the spread of CIV.
«On rare occasions, dogs have been found to be infected
with human influenza A viruses,» says Landolt.
For influenza we offer the ferret model, the «gold standard» for infections
with human influenza viruses, which will be used to assess the efficacy of vaccine candidates.
Using virus histochemical analysis, the investigators looked at the pattern of attachment of two genetically engineered emerging H7 viruses (containing the hemagglutinin (HA) of either influenza virus A / Shanghai / 1 / 13 or A / Anhui / 1 / 13) to fixed human respiratory tract tissues and compared the findings to attachment patterns seen
with human influenza viruses with high transmissibility but low virulence (seasonal H3N2 and pandemic H1N1) and highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses with low transmissibility and high virulence (H5N1 and H7N7).
It is feared that if the avian influenza virus combines
with a human influenza virus (in a bird or a human), the new subtype created could be both highly contagious and highly lethal in humans.
Not exact matches
The swelling circles represent the amount of
human - origin
influenza in swine population, «
with the viral populations increasing first in Oklahoma and then in Minnesota and Iowa,» as pigs move from the south - central to the Midwest.
There have been a number of significant pandemics in
human history, generally zoonoses that came about
with domestication of animals - such as
influenza and tuberculosis.
Nelson and her colleagues found that flu in pigs «follows long - distance swine movements from the southern U.S. to the Midwest,»
with most of the
human - origin H1N1 arriving at Midwest hog farms coming from the Southeast, and most of the swine - origin H1N2 coming from the south - central U.S. And that means the Midwest, as the final destination for many of these pigs, is «likely to provide a reservoir for multiple genetically distinct variants to co-circulate and exchange segments via re-assortment because of the continual importation of swine
influenza viruses from other regions,» the researchers noted.
The «training data» were generated from 78 mice infected
with influenza or the cytomegalovirus (CMV) and 32
humans infected
with flu, CMV or the Epstein - Barr virus.
Weiner, Elliott and colleagues studied the DNA sequences for two
human monoclonal antibodies — one able to broadly target
influenza A viruses and one able to broadly target
influenza B viruses —
with collaborators at Inovio and MedImmune.
The research team then infected specially bred mice carrying G protein - coupled receptors and those without the receptor
with an
influenza virus — which is known to trigger asthma attacks in
humans.
In March 2013 the first
human infections
with the avian
influenza A (H7N9) virus were reported in China, and since that time hundreds of cases have been documented.
The newly discovered viruses appeared in every family or genus of RNA virus associated
with vertebrate infection, including those containing
human pathogens such as
influenza virus.
A total of 145 patients has been diagnosed in recent weeks
with a strain of the H3N2 animal
influenza virus, but it likely has not yet evolved the ability to transmit efficiently between
humans
«These characteristics fit
with increased virulence of these emerging avian H7 viruses compared to that of
human influenza viruses,» says Dr. Kuiken.
The first report of infections of
humans with the
influenza A virus of the subtype H7N9 surfaced in March 2013.
All
influenza viruses ultimately come from birds, and the paper begins the somewhat operatic and knotty story of this outbreak's origins
with an H1N1 first isolated in swine in 1930, which itself was a close relative of the virus that caused the 1918 pandemic in
humans.
When they delivered this virus into the noses of mice and ferrets, the animals» epithelial cells produced the desired antibodies; they then «challenged» the animals
with a range of dangerous
influenza viruses that no single vaccine can outwit, including H5N1, which kills both birds and
humans, and the H1N1 that caused the infamous 1918 pandemic.
He found that red ginseng extract improves the survival of
human lung epithelial cells infected
with influenza virus.
Human influenza researchers, who mainly work
with ferrets and mice as models, have turned up provocative findings about the new virus in a remarkably short time.
The never - before - described virus did not involve the novel H1N1 but instead picked up the surface genes from the seasonal
human H1N1 virus that has long infected
humans and combined them
with what's known as the triple - reassortant swine
influenza.
The team infected mice
with the 1918 virus, a modern
human flu strain, and hybrids of the two in which either two or five of
influenza's eight genes came from the 1918 virus.
Tests there revealed it was contaminated
with the highly virulent H5N1 avian
influenza strain, which can infect and sicken
humans.
Human challenge studies
with influenza provide a glimpse of the new landscape.
«Ferrets may be the best model for
influenza, but ferrets in cages treated
with antipyretics are very different from
human populations,» he says.
In another signal that the world may be closer to an
influenza pandemic, the World Health Organization tonight announced that it has upped the pandemic alert level from 3 to 4, signaling increased
human - to -
human spread of a virus
with pandemic potential.
Last week, a judge in Verona dismissed a host of criminal charges against veterinary researcher and former politician Ilaria Capua, including allegations that she deliberately set off avian
influenza outbreaks that also caused a
human epidemic — a crime that would have been punishable
with life imprisonment if proven.
CDC researchers took ferrets never infected
with an
influenza virus and injected them
with this year's vaccine, which has an H1N1 component of
human, not swine, origin.
The three labs together identified several hundred
human genes that
influenza hijacks for its own benefit, but in most cases the groups each hit on different ones: Only about 30 genes overlap, an outcome that's «very surprising,» says Peter Palese, a virologist at Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City, who co-authored the paper
with Chanda.
One of the more intriguing findings came out of a choice in Elledge's lab to hunt for
human proteins that interfere
with influenza virus replication, as opposed to those that assist it.
Similar to the results obtained
with cultured
human cells, the transgenic mice were resistant to avian
influenza viruses but susceptible to flu viruses of
human origin.
Using JanusMatrix, we have identified T cell epitopes in H7N9
influenza HA protein that are highly conserved
with human genome epitopes, and these epitopes possess low immunogenicity, activate natural Tregs and suppress bystander effector T cell responses in vitro.
Specifically, we will test samples from aged and, as a control, younger
human subject before and after vaccination
with the trivalent inactivated
influenza vaccine (TIV) in an exploratory / confirmatory study design to assess age - related responsiveness to the vaccine.
The idea behind a â $ œHuman Vaccine Projectâ $ is to combine efforts at developing vaccines for major (but very different) diseases such as
influenza, dengue, HIV, hepatitis C, tuberculosis and malaria,
with the rationale that what scientists working on those diseases have in common is the Ray Ban outlet challenge of working
with the
human immune system.
Scientists are now equipped
with a more detailed picture of the
human immune system's response to
influenza vaccination, thanks to the results of a new investigation.
As an example, Harrison is trying to use EM to investigate interactions of
human antibodies
with the
influenza hemagglutinin glycoprotein.
A recent study led by BSI member Professor Andrew Sewell from Cardiff University and published in the Journal of Clinical Investigation showed that a synthetic «mirror image» version of a protein belonging to the
influenza A virus generated strong immune responses in
human cells and mice,
with the mice also being protected when exposed to a strain of
influenza A.
Additional experiments using RNA isolated from stocks of viruses from different virus families showed no cross reactivity of the assay
with influenza A virus,
influenza B virus, rhinovirus,
human coronaviruses 229E, OC43, and NL63, and adenovirus (data not shown).
Tsibane T, Ekiert DC, Krause JC, Martinez O, Crowe JE, Wilson IA, Basler CF.
Influenza human monoclonal antibody 1F1 interacts
with three major antigenic sites and residues mediating
human receptor specificity in H1N1 viruses.
The
human body converts lauric acid into monolaurin which is claimed to help in dealing
with viruses and bacteria causing diseases such as herpes,
influenza, cytomegalovirus, and even HIV.
No known
human infections
with either canine
influenza virus have ever been reported.
Others
with a more severe form of the virus require the same treatment as
humans with influenza: fluids and rest, and more severe cases requiring intravenous fluids and antibiotics.
Much the same as
human influenza, this virus can be spread through direct contact
with a contaminated surface.
Just like
human influenza, «dog flu» is spread through respiratory secretions or contact
with infected surfaces.
Canine
influenza presents much like the flu in
humans, sometimes
with a fever but always coughing, sneezing, and a runny nose, and is communicated by touch and in the air by coughing and sneezing.
Similar to the
human flu, the canine
influenza virus is highly contagious and is spread through close contact
with an infected dog.
The family had
human patients
with influenza - like illness about a week prior to onset of illness in the ferrets.