This section provides a summary of the electromyography (EMG) studies into how the EMG amplitude of the gluteus maximus changes
with joint angle.
As you can see, even though the exercise is the same, the externally - applied torque (turning force) differs
with joint angle, between the external load types.
Muscle forces and moment arm lengths differ
with joint angle, and muscle forces also differ with contraction velocity.
Fortunately, other research supports the presence of external load specificity in conjunction
with joint angle - specific differences in neural drive.
It is very difficult because these ratios «not only vary
with joint angle, joint velocity and type of movement, but also with muscle group and the type of athlete.
Not exact matches
What's even better is that it's fully adjustable
with a ball
joint so it will rotate any direction that you need it to in order to get the right
angle for your shaving needs.
Lay each breast
joint on the board, then cut in half again at right
angles so you have one portion
with a wing
joint and one without.
Bring your arms straight up as you rise into a squat
with your right leg bent at a 90 °
angle for Warrior I. Stack the
joints by bringing the knee directly above the ankle.
«
With scoliosis your joints are at an angle and misaligned with the trunk.&ra
With scoliosis your
joints are at an
angle and misaligned
with the trunk.&ra
with the trunk.»
Exploring the effects of training variables, Kellis et al. (2005) found that
joint angles differed between relative loads but did not identify how the individual hip, knee and ankle
joints differed; however, McKean et al. (2010) reported that peak hip
angle was more acute
with load compared to no load, while both List et al. (2013) and Gomes et al. (2015) reported that peak hip
angle became less acute
with heavier relative loads.
This was associated
with the more acute peak trunk
angles displayed by the inexperienced lifters, which was taken to imply a greater moment arm length at the hip
joint.
Comparing the effect of shoulder
joint angle, Pizzari et al. (2014) measured muscle activity in all three regions of the trapezius muscle while performing a standard dumbbell shrug
with the arms by the sides or abducted 30 degrees.
In vivo human gastrocnemius architecture
with changing
joint angle at rest and during graded isometric contraction
Brandon et al. (2013) assessed the reliability of a novel analysis system for Olympic weightlifting, comprising surface electromyography (EMG) equipment (to measure EMG amplitude within a muscle), synchronised
with electrogoniometry (to measure
joint angles), and a barbell position transducer (to measure the height of the barbell and thereby its displacement and linear velocity).
The purpose of this section is to detail the muscle moment arms of the pectoralis major muscle in each of the sagittal, frontal, and transverse planes, and to explain how they change
with changing
joint angles.
McCurdy et al. (2010) investigated the
joint angle movements in female athletes performing a split squat
with elevated rear foot and a conventional back squat using the same relative loading (85 % of 3RM).
Andersen et al. (2015) reported
joint angle - specific gains in strength, whereby squats
with free weights produced gains in isometric strength at both 60 and 90 degrees of knee flexion, while squats against elastic bands produced gains in isometric strength only at 60 degrees of knee flexion.
And this explains why the patterns of
joint angle - specific strength gains differ between isometric training
with either long or short muscle lengths: they are caused by different adaptations.
Moreover, as Németh et al. (1985) showed, the moment arm length does not change substantially
with hip
joint angle, as is observed for the other major hip extensors, the gluteus maximus and adductor magnus.
If this is the case, we should find that the main causes of specificity in strength gains after training
with different types of external load are regional hypertrophy and
joint angle - specific changes in neural drive (especially at end range of motion).
This is in line
with the expected effects of
joint angle - specific changes in neural drive being most relevant at short muscle lengths.
Overall, there is a slightly different pattern of
joint angle - specific strength gains after isometric training
with either short or long muscle lengths.
Although many different biomechanical factors increased
with jump training, it was the increase in hip flexion
angle (which leads to a longer countermovement phase, a longer duration concentric phase, and more concentric work done) and an increase in hip
joint work done that were most important for driving the gains in jump height, at least on a
joint level.
The lunge position was chosen as it is a functional position for physical activity compared
with passively testing a single
joint angle in a seated or lying position.
Since these results are not unusual, there is clearly a different type of
joint angle - specific strength gains after isometric training
with short muscle lengths, compared to after isometric training
with long muscle lengths.
Its muscle architecture demonstrates that its role is largely one of
joint stabilisation,
with a very large physiological cross-sectional area (comparable to the gluteus maximus), a very high pennation
angle (parts reach 45 degrees) and a comparatively short fascicle length.
While the moment arm length appears to change relative to the elbow
joint angle, the overall moment arm lengths regardless of
angle joint angle appear to be correlated
with the muscle cross-sectional area of the triceps and the dimensions of the bony attachment site of the olecranon (Sugisaki et al. 2010).
Test of transfer (long - term): no trials have compared strength training using constant load vs. accommodating resistance on changes in sprinting ability, but if the band or chain resistance was set to produce a peak contract in the half or quarter squat bottom position, it might transfer as well or better than a full squat
with constant load if the loading was challenging enough at that
joint angle.
Test of transfer (long - term): Strength training that targets the hip extensors close to full extension (such as
with the hip thrust), and the knee extensors at around 40 degrees from full extension (such as
with the quarter squat), may well transfer better to sprinting than strength training that targets the hip and knee extensors at other
joint angles.
Moreover, Jakobsen et al. (2013) reported that during lunges
with both free weights and elastic resistance, EMG amplitude of most of the leg muscles is greatest at the point of peak hip and knee flexion, where ground reaction forces are exerted in order to start the lifting phase but that in the elastic resistance condition, there was a trend towards a more even level of EMG amplitude across
joint angles.
Comparing the deadlift
with the good morning, Schellenberg et al. (2013) found that peak knee
joint angle was more acute during the deadlift than during the good morning.
This might be because the IMTP is performed closer to full hip extension than to the bottom position of the squat, so has closer
joint angle correspondence
with the hip thrust.
Comparing each leg
with the other, Escamilla et al. (2000) found that there were no differences in peak
joint angle between legs during either sumo or conventional deadlift styles.
Comparing the deadlift
with the squat in a group of powerlifters, Hales et al. (2009) found that there was a difference in peak knee
joint angles between the squat and deadlift.
Comparing the deadlift
with the squat in a group of powerlifters, Hales et al. (2009) found that there was a difference in peak hip
joint angles between the squat and deadlift.
This section provides a summary of the electromyography (EMG) studies into the gluteus maximus where factors other than
joint angle have been investigated, such as stability, or use of the hip
with and without knee movement.
Comparing the effects of different training variables, Swinton et al. (2011a) found that there was no difference in peak knee
joint angles when using relative loads ranging between 10 — 80 % of 1RM
with the straight bar and hexagonal bar deadlifts.
Muscle moment arms can often change
with changing
joint angle.
Starting
with a Chevrolet Performance - developed suspension featuring beefed - up Multimatic DSSV shocks
with unique coil springs, the ZR2 race truck adds front and rear JounceShocks, plunging half shafts, high -
angle upper ball
joints, and stiffer high -
angle tie rods.
The Delta
Joint is a heavy duty high angle ball joint that combines the durability of a ball joint with the performance characteristics of a traditional uni
Joint is a heavy duty high
angle ball
joint that combines the durability of a ball joint with the performance characteristics of a traditional uni
joint that combines the durability of a ball
joint with the performance characteristics of a traditional uni
joint with the performance characteristics of a traditional uniball.
It connects
with the legs at the hips and shoulders and the
angles at which all these
joints fit together is crucial to the dog's health.
In his book (1944) on canine structure he reported that based on his clinical measurements on more than 1000 dogs, he wasn't able to find dogs
with a 45 - degree
angle of the blade or a 90 - degree
angle at the shoulder
joint.
This changes the manner in which the bones interact
with each other, realigning the
angle of the tibial plateau at the stifle
joint, this method uses one of two procedures: TPLO and TTA.
The shoulders should be very wall laid back,
with the shoulder blades sloping at a 45 - degree
angle forward and downward to the shoulder
joints.
Although all owners subjectively expressed complete satisfaction
with results of surgery at the end of the study, operated dogs still had objectively significantly lower peak vertical, peak propulsive, and impulse propulsive forces and lower
angles of hip
joint abduction and extension than did control dogs at day 120.
The hypothesis of the study was that promotion of active physical therapy during the first postoperative weeks combined
with administration of an NSAID would minimize the reduction of mobility and, therefore, result in treated dogs having greater impulse propulsive forces and hip
joint abduction and extension
angles than dogs receiving a placebo.
Your pet was likely painful for an extended period of time, one can only hope that the scar tissue stabilized the
joint at the correct
angle, the pet will likely have much more severe arthritis and sooner than
with a surgical procedure and the knee still may not be as stable as
with surgery.
With regard to
joint disorders affected by neutering, one study documents a 3-fold increase in excessive tibial plateau
angle — a known risk factor for development of CCL — in large dogs [14].
With regard to
joint disorders, one study of effects of neutering in larger breeds documents a 3-fold increase in excessive tibial plateau
angle — a known risk factor for development of cranial cruciate ligament tears or rupture (CCL)[17].
The May event will be the first such Expo to be held, and will be a one - day event held at the Wings Over the Rockies Air and Space Museum over in Lowry.In short, it seems like a great idea, although I confess that it is making me wonder whether any ne'er — do — wells will pay the $ 10
with a «Wedding Crashers»
angle in mind, i.e., using the Expo as a pick - up
joint.