To better describe the pathophysicology of POTS, it can be grouped in various ways, such as primary (unknown cause) and secondary (caused by something else) POTS, hypovolemic POTS (associated
with low blood volume), partial dysautonomic POTS (associated with a partial autonomic neuropathy), and hyperadrenergic POTS (associated with high levels of norepinephrine).
Researchers have found that BDNF levels decline progressively
with age.10 Lommatzsch, M., et al. «The Impact of Age, Weight and Gender on BDNF Levels in Human Platelets and Plasma,» Neurobiology of Aging 26 (2005):... continue At the same time that BDNF levels decrease, the
volume of the hippocampus (primary center for emotion and memory) also decreases.11 Erickson, K.L., et al. «Brain - Derived Neurotrophic Factor is Associated with Age - Related Decline in Hippocampal Volume, Journal of Neuroscience 30,... continue In fact, in some neurological diseases, such as Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease, BDNF levels are low or deficient.12 Laske, C., et al. «Decreased Brain - Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and B - Thromboglobulin Blood Levels in Alzheimer's Disease,» Journal of... co
volume of the hippocampus (primary center for emotion and memory) also decreases.11 Erickson, K.L., et al. «Brain - Derived Neurotrophic Factor is Associated
with Age - Related Decline in Hippocampal
Volume, Journal of Neuroscience 30,... continue In fact, in some neurological diseases, such as Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease, BDNF levels are low or deficient.12 Laske, C., et al. «Decreased Brain - Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and B - Thromboglobulin Blood Levels in Alzheimer's Disease,» Journal of... co
Volume, Journal of Neuroscience 30,... continue In fact, in some neurological diseases, such as Huntington's and Alzheimer's disease, BDNF levels are
low or deficient.12 Laske, C., et al. «Decreased Brain - Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and B - Thromboglobulin
Blood Levels in Alzheimer's Disease,» Journal of... continue
Pelvic dimensions and shapes vary as well among ethnic groups.28 A small pelvis was more prevalent in women
with short stature.29 If maternal short stature leads to shortened gestation by increasing the risk of idiopathic preterm labour, then short women had more risk of PTB.30 Short maternal stature was associated
with lower uterine
volume and
blood flow, increasing the risk for fetal grow restriction, cephalopelvic disproportion and caesarean section.29 The effect of ethnicity on gestational length was also reported in a study in the UK.31 Maternal short stature may be associated
with a lack of nutrients.
Also, people
with low self - esteem and depression react
with more stress in several stressful situations, secretion of cortisol in their
blood is higher and their hippocampal
volume is reduced (Orth, Robins, Widaman, & Conger, 2014).