Further, high parental accuracy proved protective among children
with low effortful control and high negative affect.
One indirect effect was found,
with low effortful control predicting increases in depressive symptoms through heightened levels of RNT.
Not exact matches
Extraversion / surgency and
low effortful control have also been associated
with the development of behaviour problems.
Depression and attachment insecurity of the primary caregiver and more distal family adversity factors (such as incomplete schooling or vocational training of parents, high person - to - room ratio, early parenthood, and broken - home history of parents) were found to best predict inadequate parenting13, 14 and precede the development of a child's
low compliance
with parents,
low effortful control, and behavior problems.13, 15, — , 17 These psychosocial familial characteristics might also constrain the transfer of program contents into everyday family life and the maintenance of modified behaviors after the conclusion of the programs.
Extraversion / surgency and
low effortful control have also been associated
with the development of behaviour problems.
For example, it is clear that
effortful control is linked to positive development, even in the first five years of life, since it has been associated
with lower levels of problem behaviours and has been found to correlate
with and predict
low levels of negative emotion, highly committed compliance, high levels of social competence, and conscience.
Greater ability to take «I» positions in relationships, along
with lower emotional reactivity (ER) and attachment anxiety, were unique predictors of
effortful control.
Regarding levels of temperament traits, results showed that referred children had significantly
lower levels of
effortful control than general population children,
with less capacity to maintain attentional focus and less capacity to plan and suppress inappropriate response reactions.
The cumulative promotive scale for temperament included high
effortful control, high shyness, and
low surgency,
with a higher score indicating an easier temperament (range = 0 — 3, M = 0.71, SD = 0.76).
The quadratic term for
effortful control was included because both
low as well as high levels of
effortful control have been found to be associated
with child internalizing problem behavior in population studies.
In comparison, RA has been associated
with hostile attributions toward potential sources of threats or pain [36, 37],
low effortful control [38, 39], and generally to deficits in executive functioning [40, 41].
Within the temperament dimension
effortful control all subscales were significantly different between the groups in the expected direction,
with the referred group scoring
lower than the population group (Table 2).
Efforts to enhance social skills may prove particularly important for children
with low or medium
effortful control.
However, such social skills were only protective among children
with low and medium
effortful control.