It is transmitted via the bite of a mosquito infected
with microfilaria (a microscopic baby heartworm) as it injects the larvae into the dog's blood stream when feeding on a dog.
This should be done under the direct supervision of a veterinarian because dogs
with microfilaria (baby worms in the blood that the mosquito picks up when feeding) could possibly have a reaction to the preventive.
If a mosquito bites a dog whose blood is filled
with microfilaria, the mosquito will become a new vector of the parasite, the microfilaria of which turn into larvae inside the mosquito.
Puppies can be infected
with microfilariae and not show signs of disease even when tested for many months.
Since the microfilariae can cause lung and liver damage, dogs infected
with microfilariae may cough, look jaundiced, and be weak.
The mosquito then bites an uninfected dog and injects saliva, contaminated
with microfilariae into the uninfected animal.
Mosquitoes become infected
with microfilariae, the larval form of the worm, when they take a blood meal.
Coinciding with mosquito season, heartworm disease is spread by mosquitoes that become infected
with microfilariae while taking a blood meal from an infected dog.
Not exact matches
Dogs should be observed for at least eight hours after treatment
with a microlifaricide to ensure there are no complications from the dead
microfilariae.
If the
microfilariae are lucky enough to be hanging around an area in the dog that's bitten by a second mosquito, and that mosquito lives long enough
with a high temperature, the
microfilariae can develop into L3 larvae.
That's the beauty of testing every 4 months... you know it takes at least 5 months for the
microfilaria to develop into the harmful adult heartworms, so if your dog's test is positive, you can just give him regular heartworm meds for a bit or, if you're holistically minded like me, you can treat him holistically
with the help of your holistic or homeopathic vet.
The dog (or other host where the mosquito picks up the heartworm) must already be infected
with mature male and female heartworms and they must have produced
microfilariae that are alive when the dog is bitten and are at the site of the bite.
Heartworm infection in apparently healthy animals is usually detected
with blood tests that either test for a heartworm substance called an «antigen» or for the
microfilaria themselves.
This warning actually concerns use in dogs
with very high levels of
microfilaria.
If your dog is diagnosed
with heartworm disease, treatment will be necessary to kill the
microfilaria and adult worms.
Answer: That is not ideal - if s / he is positive, especially
with a heavy load, it can cause a massive die - off of
microfilaria / worms and be very detrimental to his / her health.
When we first started out, we saw significant drops in her
microfilaria counts (by Knotts test)
with each regimen we initiated.
We saw some significant effects,
with large drops in
microfilaria numbers, and also an episode of rather effective «kill» of heartworm.
Infected dogs must be treated to remove adult heartworms and
microfilariae prior to initiating a program
with HEARTGARD.
The adult worms cause heart problems
with dogs who have heartworms, NOT the
microfilariae.
More commonly,
microfilariae are eventually eliminated, even from non-adulticide-treated dogs, after several months of treatment
with prophylactic doses of the macrocyclic lactones.
However, the current recommendation stands regarding pre-treating
with Ivermectin for two months to kill the
microfilariae before treating
with melarsomine to kill adult worms.
That's due in part because ss many as 20 percent of dogs infected
with heartworms continue to have circulating
microfilariae for at least a year or longer when receiving monthly treatment.
And, finally, in any dog
with a very low heartworm burden — say, just a couple of worms — the
microfilariae may not be detected (this can also cause a false negative on the antigen test).
However, starting prevention without testing can be harmful, because once the heartworms reach a certain point in development, the killing off of the
microfilaria in combination
with juvenile or adult heartworm in the system can be damaging to your dog's cardiovascular system.
If dogs test positive for
microfilariae or antigen, reconsider relocation at this time and begin treatment in accordance
with the American Heartworm Society (AHS) Guidelines.
The number of circulating
microfilariae does not correlate
with the number of adult heartworms, so is not an indicator of disease severity.
When used in a dog infected
with heartworms, a shock - like reaction believed to be caused by dying
microfilaria can occur.
In dogs, the risk of side effects associated
with ivermectin depends on the dosage, on the susceptibility of the individual dog and on the presence of heartworm
microfilaria (a larval form of the heartworm.)
Treatment is a long road, and the dog must be treated
with different drugs to kill the adult heartworms as well as the
microfilariae.
The course of treatment is not completed until several weeks later, when the
microfilariae are dealt
with in a separate course of treatment.
Circulating
microfilaria are not detectable
with the microscope, and diagnosis using other means is difficult.
Since the primary method of diagnosis is detection of these
microfilaria, either visually, or
with monoclonal antibody tests, it is possible to miss a diagnosis.
The problem
with using the slow - kill technique to kill adult heartworms, experts say, is this: If there are
microfilariae in the infected dog that are resistant to the macrocyclic lactone drug used, those parasites will be transmitted to mosquitoes, potentially finding their way to a new dog in which to reproduce, increasing the risk to all dogs in the area.
Question: She has a swollen left aft leg for over two months
with no pain or lhinderance, Blood test show
microfilaria as postive.
Once the adult worms are eliminated, the
microfilaria are usually treated
with a heartworm preventative such as HeartGard or Interceptor in the following month.
Microfilariae may also be transmitted across the placental barrier to unborn puppies if the mother dog is infected
with heartworm.
Mild, transient hypersensitivity reactions, such as labored breathing, vomiting, hypersalivation, and lethargy, have been noted in some dogs treated
with milbemycin oxime carrying a high number of circulating offspring (
microfilariae).
Dogs on heartworm preventive, even if infected
with adult heartworms, will not test positive for
microfilariae.
The number of circulating
microfilaria is greatest during the morning and evening hours coinciding
with mosquito activity.
If milbemycin is inadvertantly given to a dog
with active heartworm infection, the
microfilariae are killed much faster than
with the ivermectin products.
In a dog
with a light infection, this might not be important but in a heavily infected dog it is safer not to use milbemycin to clear the
microfilariae.
This does mean, however, that giving this product to a dog
with heartworm will kill all circulating
microfilariae and the dog will test erroneously heartworm negative by Difil or Knott's testing.
Dogs
with a very large number of
microfilariae (baby heartworms) can suffer a reaction if those tiny parasites all die at once when given ivermectin.
A mosquito bites an animal infected
with heartworm and microscopic baby worms, known as
microfilaria, are transferred to the mosquito.
In Germany, canine dirofilariasis has been discovered on routine blood tests for
microfilaria in 13 % of dogs
with history of travel to Italy, Portugal, Spain and Corsica and in 10 % of dogs imported from Italy, Spain and Portugal (Schrey, 1996).
One 13 - years - old mixed male,
with high number of
microfilariae and antigens - positive, died during the therapy.
Consequently, the search of
microfilariae by Knott or filtration tests is still strongly recommended in such places, preferably combined
with serological tests.
In a recent study from another non-endemic area (Munchen, Germany), among 72 imported or travelling dogs
with D. immitis
microfilariae in the blood, and examined between 1993 - 96, 27 (37.5 %) resulted sero - negative
with the ELISA test (Zahler et al., 1997), apparently confirming the results here reported.
Your veterinarian can detect heartworm disease
with blood tests for the heartworm
microfilariae or antigen.