Children's perspectives on their relationships
with their nonresident fathers: influences, outcomes and implications.
«In 38 studies published since 1990, researchers examined linkages between children's well - being and their relationships
with nonresident fathers.
Adolescents
with nonresident fathers: Are daughters more disadvantaged than sons?
In general, these studies do not provide strong support for the belief that visitation
with nonresident fathers benefits children.
Part of the explanation for this pattern may be that children are spending time
with their nonresident fathers instead of participating in extracurricular activities.»
Most children in foster care are not living with their fathers at the time they are removed from their homes, and once in substitute care, these children may experience even less contact
with their nonresident fathers.
References: Dunn J, Cheng H, O'Connor TG & Bridges L (2004) «Children's perspectives on their relationships
with their nonresident fathers: influences, outcomes and implications» Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines 45 (3): 553 - 566
Fact: «In contrast to the hypothesis that parental conflict might negatively interfere
with nonresident father involvement, we found conflict over childrearing to be unrelated to father involvement (and the association was in the positive direction).»
Not exact matches
• Stepfather - child relationships are more influential than
nonresident father - child relationships in predicting children's adjustment,
with the effects increasing by duration of the re-marriage (Hetherington, 1993).
Of those men, 2,739 of them lived
with their child and 686 were
nonresident fathers.
Involvement by
nonresident fathers is associated
with more reunifications and fewer adoptions.
While
father absence has been associated
with a host of negative children's outcomes, including increased risk of dropping out of school and lower educational attainment, poorer physical and mental health, and behavioural problems,36 - 40 higher levels of involvement by
nonresident fathers may assuage the negative effects of
father absence on children's outcomes.41, 42 Quality of the parents» relationship before divorce, or of the pre-divorce
father / child relationship, can also be an important factor: children fare worse following divorce when pre-divorce relationships were good and fare better when pre-divorce relationships were poor, 43,44 suggesting children are sometimes better off without a
father if the
father's relationship to the child or the mother was not good.
Nonresident fathers may thus be enacting the parent role more successfully now than in the past,
with beneficial consequences for children.
Between one - fourth and one - third of
nonresident fathers maintain frequent contact
with their children, and a roughly equal share of
fathers maintains little or no contact.49 Interviews
with children reveal that losing contact
with fathers is one of the most painful outcomes of divorce.50
Such programs would provide parent education classes for divorcing parents, increase the minimum wage and the earned income tax credit for poor working parents, establish paternity and increase the payment of child support, and improve the quantity and quality of time that
nonresident parents, especially
fathers, spend
with their children.
Nonresident father involvement could also, however, be detrimental if
fathers acted in ways that interfered
with child health and development or if poor relationship quality between the
father and mother led to lower - quality parenting behaviors on her part.
Nevertheless, analysts consistently find that many
nonresident fathers are minimally engaged
with their children.
However, Lamb's claim above, which is the «but» last sentence in his preceding paragraph, while technically true as a statement of the research findings that a co-resident
father in an intact loving home who develops a secondary attachment
with an infant does not diminish the infant's attachment to the also - present mother is false to the extent its placement in this article has been done in a way intended to imply that this applies to
nonresident fathers.
Nonresident father contact
with children and involvement in their schools within the past year are associated
with the same three factors:
fathers paying child support; custodial mothers being more educated; and custodial homes not experiencing financial difficulties.
One study uses mothers» reports of
nonresident father involvement
with a representative sample of children in 1997.34 Of those
fathers, 34 percent had no contact
with the child's household at all, and 49 percent had no influence on decision making.
Learning Resources for
Father Engagement North Carolina Division of Social Services, Children's Services Statewide Training Partnership (2013) Training Matters, 14 (2) Provides social workers in North Carolina with resources highlighting the benefits of healthy father involvement in promoting child development, tools for engaging nonresident fathers, and suggestions for conducting interviews with fa
Father Engagement North Carolina Division of Social Services, Children's Services Statewide Training Partnership (2013) Training Matters, 14 (2) Provides social workers in North Carolina
with resources highlighting the benefits of healthy
father involvement in promoting child development, tools for engaging nonresident fathers, and suggestions for conducting interviews with fa
father involvement in promoting child development, tools for engaging
nonresident fathers, and suggestions for conducting interviews
with fathers.
Fact: «While public sentiment has been in favor of
nonresident father's involvement in family life, there is limited research evidence of whether their involvement yields positive benefits for children (King, 1994) and for the functioning of the biological family unit... most studies, particularly those based on large national databases, have not been able to detect a significant connection between the
nonresident father's contact
with his child and the child's well - being (Furstenberg et al., 1987; King, 1994).
Fact: «In terms of involvement frequency, mothers tend to be more involved than
fathers, and even
nonresident mothers engage in as wide a range of activities
with children as do most resident
fathers.
Fact:
Nonresident father's involvement appears to correlate
with children's increased academic performance in grades 1 - 12.
This finding is consistent
with the meta - analysis by Amato and Gilbreth (1999) showing that when it comes to
nonresident father involvement, although feelings of closeness and indicators of authoritative parenting have the strongest influence on child well - being, the effects are generally modest... Our results also reveal that the quality of the mother - child relationship has stronger, more consistent effects on adolescent well - being than the
nonresident father - child relationship.
Fact:
Nonresident fathers who are involved
with their children are more likely to marry other women.
Fact: «The primary aim of this study is to assess how multiple dimensions of
nonresident father involvement are associated
with different dimensions of adolescent well - being... studies provide some limited evidence that
nonresident father - child closeness and authoritative parenting practices may contribute to adolescent well - being independently of the mother - child relationship.
A significant number of
nonresident fathers still maintain ties
with their children (Amato & Sobolewski, 2004), and recent evidence indicates that when
fathers maintain an active presence in their children's lives and foster close bonds
with them, their children appear to benefit (Amato & Gilbreth, 1999).»
«The antecedents and consequences of adolescents» relationships
with stepfathers and
nonresident fathers.»
With respect to
nonresident fathers, the researchers found that remembering «special days» (e.g., birthdays and holidays) was the only qualitative measure of
nonresident father involvement that was consistently related to adolescent adjustment.
, Handbook of contemporary families (pp. 317 - 330), cited in Valarie King (2007) When Children Have Two Mothers: Relationships
With Nonresident Mothers, Stepmothers, and
Fathers Journal of Marriage and Family 69 (5), 1178 - 1193.
Fact: «Research has indicated that
nonresident mothers do a better job in maintaining close contact
with their children than
nonresident fathers (Stewart, 1999) and are engaged in as wide a range of activities
with their children as are most resident
fathers (Hawkins, Amato, & King, 2006).»
Fact:» [F] indings were consistent
with previous findings that teens in single -
father families tend to have less close emotional ties either
with their
nonresident mothers or
with resident
fathers, compared
with teens growing up
with mothers living in the household (Downey, 1994).
«The stronger association between adolescent outcomes and ties to
nonresident mothers compared
with ties to stepmothers stands in contrast to the results reported in prior research on resident mother families where close ties to resident stepfathers are more strongly associated
with positive adolescent outcomes than ties to
nonresident biological
fathers (King, 2006; White & Gilbreth, 2001), suggesting important differences in the role of
nonresident parents and stepparents by gender....
In terms of involvement frequency, mothers tend to be more involved than
fathers, and even
nonresident mothers engage in as wide a range of activities
with children as do most resident
fathers.
Fathers can be absent even when they reside
with their children and can be present despite
nonresident status.
While
father absence has been associated
with a host of negative children's outcomes, including increased risk of dropping out of school and lower educational attainment, poorer physical and mental health, and behavioural problems,36 - 40 higher levels of involvement by
nonresident fathers may assuage the negative effects of
father absence on children's outcomes.41, 42 Quality of the parents» relationship before divorce, or of the pre-divorce
father / child relationship, can also be an important factor: children fare worse following divorce when pre-divorce relationships were good and fare better when pre-divorce relationships were poor, 43,44 suggesting children are sometimes better off without a
father if the
father's relationship to the child or the mother was not good.
Fact: «
Nonresident fathers showed slightly lower levels of involvement when their adolescents did not live with their biological mothers, supporting previous work that suggests a pattern of mothers pulling nonresident fathers into parenting (Harris & Ryan, 2004), rather than gatekeeping to limit contact with the adolesc
Nonresident fathers showed slightly lower levels of involvement when their adolescents did not live
with their biological mothers, supporting previous work that suggests a pattern of mothers pulling
nonresident fathers into parenting (Harris & Ryan, 2004), rather than gatekeeping to limit contact with the adolesc
nonresident fathers into parenting (Harris & Ryan, 2004), rather than gatekeeping to limit contact
with the adolescent.»