2) As we are dealing with ice area, it is logical that the primary driver of area will be to do
with ocean ice.
Not exact matches
And in many, many cases — such as
with ocean temperatures, rising sea levels, or
ice shelf traveling speeds — scientists have recorded the data for decades, systematically, consistently, and
with precision.
The melting of the arctic
ice and the Greenland glaciers along
with the warming of the
ocean will raise sea levels and flood some of the world's most populous and fertile regions, the deltas of the great rivers.
He writes about the sixteen days he spent sailing the Pacific
Ocean with five buddies and a crate of canned meat, the time he took his kids on a world tour to eat
ice cream
with heads of state, his stubbornness in getting into law school by sitting on a bench outside the dean's office for seven days until they finally let him enroll, his «office» at Tom Sawyer Island at Disneyland, the flowers he sent to the elderly woman who nearly killed him running a stop sign, the work he's done to free Ugandan children from prison.
They also have a way
with hand rolls, and if the uni hand roll didn't taste of the
ocean, you would think you were eating an
ice cream cone.
Mkhitaryan + Auba would be enough to re energize the campaign
with another CB and winger the
icing on the cake by the
ocean
The Earth's climate system is characterised by complex interactions between the atmosphere,
oceans,
ice sheets, landmasses and the biosphere (parts of the world
with plant and animal life).
Co-author Hayley Hung, a scientist
with Environment Canada's Air Quality Division who studies toxic organic pollutants in the Arctic, said that in recent years, researchers had posited that warmer conditions would liberate POPs stored in land,
ice and
ocean reservoirs back into the atmosphere.
That creates an overall warmer, well - mixed
ocean over the top 250 meters, and one
with little sea
ice.
While Antarctica is a continent
with landmass underneath the
ice, the Arctic is basically an
ocean, though the edges of other countries and regions — from Alaska and Canada to Greenland, Scandinavia, and Russia — fall within the Arctic Circle.
Civilian researchers have signed an agreement
with the U.S. Navy to revive a dormant program that uses the vessels to collect information on parts of the Arctic's
ice and
ocean that normally lie beyond scientists» reach
Ice Age evidence suggests rising temperatures could boost areas of
ocean water
with little oxygen for life
Lake Whillans has a subsurface connection
with the
ocean beneath the
ice shelf, making it more dynamic than isolated lakes such as Vostok.
The military uses the microwave information to detect
ocean wind speeds to feed into weather models, among other uses, but the data happen to be nearly perfect for sensing sea
ice, says Walt Meier, a sea -
ice specialist
with the NSIDC.
An
ocean might lurk under the
ice of Saturn's moon Dione, seen in this 2015 image from the Cassini spacecraft
with Saturn and its rings in the background.
In August 2015, University of Delaware oceanographer Andreas Muenchow and colleagues deployed the first UD
ocean sensors underneath Petermann Glacier in North Greenland, which connects the great Greenland
ice sheet directly
with the
ocean.
«It allows us to know what the
ocean is doing at the same time the
ice is responding to it,» says Padman, who was not connected
with the study.
Sandy
ocean sediment is associated
with ice cover, and when you find it somewhere far from the
ice edge, you know that at some point the
ice reached that site.
While Antarctic
ice shelves are in direct contact
with both the atmosphere and the surrounding
oceans, and thus subject to changes in environmental conditions, they also go through repeated internally - driven cycles of growth and collapse.
At the time, 2 km thick
ice - cover loaded what now is the
ocean floor
with heavy weight.
With the melting of Arctic
Ocean ice, the fabled waterway between Europe and Asia has been open to shipping the past two summers — or has it?
This thin sliver of
ocean reaching under the
ice turned out to be 10 meters deep, and the camera came to rest on the bottom beneath it, revealing it to be muddy and strewn
with pebbles — a flat, barren tract, devoid of any obvious signs of large marine life such as brittle stars, sponges or worms.
This could have significant implications for Antarctica's
ice shelves and
ice sheets,
with previous research showing that even small increases in
ocean temperatures can substantially increase melt rates around the Peninsula.
Their observations show that since the calving event, the berg has started to drift away from the Larsen - C,
with open
ocean clearly visible in the ~ 5 kilometre gap between the berg and the
ice - shelf.
These coastal glaciers hold back inland glaciers, so their collapse would set off a chain reaction ending
with the West Antarctic
Ice Sheet pouring into the Southern
Ocean.
Some 2000 metres of
ice loaded what now is
ocean floor
with heavy weight.
The team, led by Dr Kira Rehfeld and Dr Thomas Laepple, compared the Greenland data
with that from sediments collected in several
ocean regions around the globe, as well as from
ice - core samples gathered in the Antarctic.
(In Antarctica, the
ice actually extends beyond the land and over part of the
ocean so some of it is in contact
with water.)
If Levison is right, the same scattering that created the Kuiper belt and built up the Oort cloud also bombarded the young Earth
with comets, reshaping its surface and delivering the
ices that helped create its
oceans and atmosphere.
An analysis of CO2 preserved in
ice cores shows that for more than 600,000 years the
ocean had a pH of approximately 8.2 (pH is the acidity of a solution measured on a 14 - point scale,
with a pH below 7 being acidic and above 7, basic).
«The strong impact of
ocean onto Antarctic
ice sheet dynamics, or the knowledge that we have about it, is reinforced by our study,» said lead study author Hannes Konrad of the University of Leeds in an interview
with E&E News.
On average, Antarctic sea
ice may be considerably thicker than once thought, which could significantly change how scientists assess sea
ice dynamics and their interactions
with the
ocean in a warming world.
During two different research expeditions, in the mid - to late springs of 2010 and 2012, the AUV — which resembles a 2 - meter - long bunk bed
with twin hulls stacked on top of one another — traveled back and forth through several different Southern
Ocean waters in a lawn mower — like pattern at depths of 20 to 30 meters under the
ice to collect a 3D survey of the topography of the sea
ice's underbelly.
However, the discovery in 2015 of an oscillation in Enceladus's rotation known as a libration, which is linked to tidal effects, suggests that it has a global
ocean and a much thinner
ice shell than predicted,
with a mean thickness of around 20 km.
We still don't know enough about tar sand oil, or bitumen, which takes longer to break down due to its high viscosity, but doesn't spread, we also don't know much about the behavior of oil from a blowout, such as the Deepwater Horizon BP blowout, and we know little of how crude oil behaves in the Arctic
Ocean, where there is
ice, or how to remediate it,» said Michel Boufadel, director of NJIT's Center for Natural Resources Development and Protection and a member of the panel of experts charged
with evaluating the impact of spills in Northern waters.
During this time, when dinosaurs roamed the almost subtropical forests of an
ice - free Antarctic, conditions on the other side of the planet were even more remarkable: the Arctic
Ocean was a gigantic freshwater lake infested
with crocodile - like reptiles.
With eruptions of
ice and water vapor, and an
ocean covered by an
ice shell, Saturn's moon Enceladus is one of the most fascinating in the Solar System, especially as interpretations of data provided by the Cassini spacecraft have been contradictory until now.
Climate changes that began ~ 17,700 years ago included a sudden poleward shift in westerly winds encircling Antarctica
with corresponding changes in sea
ice extent,
ocean circulation, and ventilation of the deep
ocean.
The study, published in the American Geophysical Union's Geophysical Research Letters, is the first to document fine - scale changes taking place on the
ice shelf that help maintain its natural balance
with the surrounding
ocean waters.
Scientists
with the Caitlin Arctic Survey have been utilizing a new device on this year's 10 - week expedition on the edge of the Arctic
Ocean near Ellef Ringnes Island, Canada: a unique pedal - powered winch built to haul a 50 - kilogram scientific payload 200 meters below the sea
ice.
Finds like that, along
with sediment cores and
ice cores that show how the amount of methane in the atmosphere and
ocean has fluctuated dramatically in the past, have led to a slew of «methane burp» theories.
Part of the fresh water likely originates from melting of the Greenland
Ice Sheet north of the Young Sound and is transported
with the East Greenland
ocean current along the eastern coast of Greenland.
The researchers find that «
ocean - driven melt is an important driver of Antarctic
ice shelf retreat where warm water is in contact
with shelves, but in high greenhouse - gas emissions scenarios, atmospheric warming soon overtakes the
ocean as the dominant driver of Antarctic
ice loss.»
If a glacier reaches the
ocean where the seafloor is shallow, the
ice interacts
with frigid freshwater and melts slowly.
When a catastrophic
ice shelf collapse in Antarctica opened up prime
ocean real estate, enterprising delicate creatures called glass sponges showed up
with unprecedented speed to stake their claim.
«It's fairly intuitive to expect that replacing white, reflective sea
ice with a dark
ocean surface would increase the amount of solar heating,» said Pistone.
«Thanks to the sediment core data, we have clear evidence that, during the last interglacial roughly 125,000 years ago, the central Arctic
Ocean was still covered
with sea
ice during the summer.
Likewise, colder chunks of
ice from above would sink down toward the
ocean, potentially bringing the ingredients of life along
with them.
«You've got all this warm water moving up,» she says, «but at the same time all the heavy, cold
ice stocked
with chemicals is getting pushed down toward the
ocean.»
Ocean cruise companies already offer Arctic voyages and,
with more
ice - free months, are weighing more trips during formerly frozen - over months.