Dr. Stern: Let me start by saying that the normal progression in planetary exploration begins with flybys and proceeds
with orbiters and more complex missions.
Northrop - Grumman explained that most of the delays and cost growth resulted from problems
with the orbiters» sensors.
ISRO scientists caution, however, that the agency has not yet decided whether to go with a lander and rover, or play it safer
with an orbiter carrying a more sophisticated set of scientific payloads than its predecessor.
The orbiter's High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment (HiRISE) camera captured the scene on June 27, 2013,
with the orbiter rolled for an eastward - looking angle rather than straight downward.
We also must consider having sufficient line of sight
with the orbiter to transmit to Earth.
By October, Stern expects that the team involved
with the orbiter concept will have grown substantially, maybe with 100 scientists involved.
«The news is that the community is forming around the concept of going back to Pluto
with an orbiter mission that would stay and study the planet for years, and do it in ways that we could not have in a simple flyby like New Horizons.
Not exact matches
They combined data from LEND
with lunar topography and illumination maps derived from LRO's LOLA instrument (Lunar
Orbiter Laser Altimeter), and temperature maps from LRO's Diviner instrument (Diviner Lunar Radiometer Experiment) to discover the greater hydrogen abundance and associated surface conditions on PFS.
With hordes of cheap
orbiters filling the skies, researchers and start - ups are promising a powerful new perspective on earthly activities that range from global commerce to perfecting the art of mining landfills for recyclable materials.
NASA would also like to see
orbiters that can return to Earth
with Martian samples sent up by capsule from a planned rover.
On 18 May, an H - IIA rocket will carry IKAROS into space along
with its main payload, Japan's new Venus
orbiter (see «Venus
orbiter to fly close to super-rotating wind»).
The team found that patterns in radar maps of layers in the ice cap made
with the Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter are consistent
with flowing ice (Journal of Geophysical Research, DOI: 10.1029 / 2009je003405).
Fisher and her colleagues found evidence of lunar frost by comparing temperature readings from LRO's Diviner instrument
with brightness measurements from the spacecraft's Lunar
Orbiter Laser Altimeter, or LOLA.
Two hours after its scheduled landing, Schiaparelli was scheduled to establish two - way communication
with NASA's Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter as the satellite passed over the planned touchdown site.
Related sites NASA interview
with Ken Edgett of Malin Space Science Systems Photo gallery of martian dust storms and dust devils More images from Mars
Orbiter Camera
The country's first lunar forays —
orbiters launched in 2007 and 2010 — were more engineering demonstrations than scientific missions, but that changed
with the first lander, Chang «e-3.
Images from the Lunar Reconnaissance
Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft, released in October, show a pattern of cliffy scarps all across the lunar surface (as shown on the map above,
with white dots indicating newly discovered scarps and black dots marking previously known ones).
After analysing the moon's wrinkled surface
with data from the Lunar Reconnaissance
Orbiter, Klimczak thinks that the moon shrank by at least 2 kilometres — previous estimates pegged the contraction at only about 200 metres.
With Benson he spent two years on a sequel of sorts, a lunar
orbiter that used an ion engine, but the idea was passed over.
For about a minute, running on half a hair dryer's worth of power, the
orbiter - cum - probe beamed direct measures of the planet's atmosphere, along
with final probes of its gravity and magnetic field, to mission control at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in Pasadena, California.
The moon may carry material produced by life from Earth dating back to when plants first filled the planet's air
with oxygen, according to study of data from a Japanese lunar
orbiter.
In this view, one of several images of Melas Chasma released today, a computer has reconstructed 3D images taken
with the European Mars Express
orbiter's High - Resolution Stereo Camera.
The scarps directly expose bright glimpses into vast underground ice previously detected
with spectrometers on NASA's Mars Odyssey (MRO)
orbiter,
with ground - penetrating radar instruments on MRO and on the European Space Agency's Mars Express
orbiter, and
with observations of fresh impact craters that uncover subsurface ice.
The
orbiter will look not only down at the planet, but also across its limb, into the sun, which will make the absorption lines associated
with methane stand out sharply.
Set for launch in 2009, the Mars Telecommunications
Orbiter will become the hub of a network linking the current Mars Global Surveyor and the Mars Odyssey, along
with Europe's Mars Express
Orbiter, en route to Mars, and the upcoming Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter.
The story begins
with a 2008 agreement between NASA and ESA to share the costs of sending the Trace Gas
Orbiter to Mars in a 2016 mission, followed by a European rover and a U.S. rover in 2018.
With astronauts John Young and Robert Crippen on board, the
orbiter circled Earth 36 times before landing at Edwards Air Force Base in California's Mojave desert.
Transmitting readings from all those spacecraft would be difficult
with radio signals, so the Telecommunications
Orbiter will send information home via beams of laser light.
With such capacities, the Mars
orbiter is ripe for extra assignments such as helping to return precious samples from Mars to Earth or sauntering over and investigating Phobos and Deimos, the planet's two moons.
«Handling all the data coming from Mars is becoming a challenge for us,» says Barry Geldzahler, the program executive for space operations in NASA's Office of Space Science in Washington, D.C. «The Mars Odyssey is sending back unprecedented amounts of data, and
with the Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter, we'll have another order of magnitude more.»
If equipped
with radar, NeMO could also serve as a water - witching
orbiter.
NASA is following up
with the first comprehensive, up - close map of the moon, being created by the new Lunar Reconnaissance
Orbiter (LRO).
Originally an ESA - only lander mission, it was merged
with NASA plans in 2009 and ended up as a two - craft mission: the first in 2016 will be an
orbiter devoted to atmospheric sampling, followed by a large lander in 2018 which would have the capability to dig below the surface.
Meanwhile, the gutted shells of the shuttle
orbiters will begin arriving at museums later this month —
with the exception of Atlantis, which is to remain at Kennedy.
The
orbiter then disintegrated,
with the loss of all seven astronauts on board.
Researchers at The Ohio State University have developed new software that compares images from the high - resolution imaging science experiment (HiRISE) camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter with ground panoramas taken by the rovers to map features on the Martian surface.
Russia's renewed interest in the moon came after a Russian instrument hitched a ride in 2009
with NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance
Orbiter.
The shuttle is comprised of three components: the
orbiter (the aeroplane - like crew - and cargo - carrying craft that most people think of as the shuttle); a large external tank (ET) that holds the liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen fuel; and two solid rocket boosters (SRBs) packed
with powdered aluminium and rubber fuel.
A new study from the U.S. Geological Survey in Flagstaff, Arizona, compares high - resolution images from the Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter with surface video taken by the Mars Rover Spirit, which is stuck in the Gusev crater.
«HiRISE gives us 0.3 - meter [one - foot] resolution on the ground, so we can combine those orbital images
with ground images to identify rocks from the
orbiter and the ground,» Ron Li, a professor of civil and environmental engineering and geodetic science, explained at a recent American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco.
As Curiosity carries on, researchers plan to analyze soil and sediment samples for organic material and to team up
with Mars
orbiters to search for methane patterns in the atmosphere.
Test satellites launched in April and November demonstrated that the company's engineers can accurately position the
orbiters and capture a continuous stream of images
with a resolution of three to five meters — fine enough to distinguish individual trees in a rainforest, but not sharp enough to identify a person tending his garden.
The daily image downloads from the Mars rover Opportunity — yes, it's still driving around the Red Planet after more than seven years — and the Saturn
orbiter Cassini have been so warmly welcomed that missions
with less open policies, such as NASA's current Mercury and Vesta
orbiters, let alone the European Space Agency's Venus and Mars
orbiters, are often subject to harsh criticism.
• Latest Moon Photos from NASA's Lunar Reconnaissance
Orbiter • LRO's Team Spirit
with Joanne Baker • Inside Earth's Moon
Phobos - Grunt was also carrying China's first attempt at a Mars
orbiter, along
with an experiment run by the United States - based Planetary Society designed to study how a long journey through deep space affects micro-organisms.
Sanchez - Cano has investigated the interaction of the comet
with energetic particles from the Sun, and the effects of the CME and cometary encounter on the martian atmosphere, using data from ESA's Mars Express mission, NASA's MAVEN and Mars Odyssey
orbiters, and the Curiosity rover on the martian surface.
It would be stupid to go to Mars in 2003» — after all, America was now working on Pathfinder and a whole suite of follow - ups — «
with just an
orbiter.
Planetary scientist David Catling of the University of Washington in Seattle says that the Spirit data, in concert
with other detections, such as that from the Mars Reconnaissance
Orbiter observed in the Nili Fossae region of Mars, present a strong case for carbonates on Mars.
It was launched
with the European Space Agency's ExoMars Trace Gas
Orbiter (TGO) in March and has already travelled just under half of its nearly 500 million km journey.
Its Ganymede
orbiter must compete
with an X-ray telescope and the gravitational wave detector LISA for approval through the agency's Cosmic Vision programme.