But we can not claim for them as much objectivity as the sciences have.12 Psychology itself shares many of those difficulties
with philosophy and theology.
Russian religious thought of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries was also very sensitive about the crisis of classical philosophy; quite strong in the criticism of its errors, but aspiring to work out its own organic vision of the world, it was not inclined to unite science
with philosophy and theology.
The ambiguity of Bingham's project is most evident when it moves into regions traditionally associated
with philosophy and theology.
Not exact matches
In May 2017, Michael graduated as a Founder's Scholar from The King's College
with a bachelor of the arts in Politics,
Philosophy and Economics, double - minoring in Journalism
and Theology.
There is, as I see it, a paradigm shift taking place in contemporary Roman Catholic
theology away from the classical worldview of Thomas Aquinas
and other scholastic thinkers in which the
philosophy of Aristotle plays such an important role to a more interpersonal approach to the God - world relationship in which God is thought to be constantly interacting
with creatures in the establishment of the Kingdom of God on earth.
In His own words: «blessed are those who hunger
and thirst» I don't feel that one can disregard «all images, all
philosophies, all religions, all
theologies, all spiritualities, all institutions
and organizations» Jesus showed us the way though His church
and through communion
with others.
At one time the Catholic natural law
philosophy of Thomas Aquinas
and his followers dominated European thinking, but its metaphysical foundations were undermined as science replaced Aristotelian teleology
and Catholic
theology with a materialist worldview that considers only efficient causes.
After I transferred to Heidelberg to complete my studies, my inclination to combine
philosophy and theology was greatly encouraged by closer acquaintance
with patristic thought.
The truth of Buddhism provided me
with a second perspective from which to view our inherited
theology critically, but thus far it has confirmed me in my faith in Christ
and also in my conviction of the continuing fruitfulness of Whitehead's
philosophy for responding to crucial issues of our time.
Several of the book's features are shared
with other British
theology: a basic concern for intelligent orthodoxy informed by worship; the Trinity as the encompassing doctrine, strongly connected to both church
and society; a well - articulated response to modernity; a wide range of «mediations,» through various discourses
and aspects of contemporary life (
philosophy, history, friendship, sex, politics, aesthetics, the visual arts
and music); a special affinity for the patristic period;
and a preference for the essay genre.
Soskice, Hogan
and Coakley, together
with Grace Jantzen in Manchester
and Pamela Sue Anderson in Newcastle, also tend to be more impressed by French feminist
philosophy than by American feminist
theology.
However, the relation between
theology and philosophy is markedly altered once we fully recognize that the starting point of
philosophy, that is, the fundamental vision
with which the thinker begins, is historically conditioned
and that Christian faith has played a major role in the formation of the Western vision.
According to Noddings, history (including
philosophy,
theology, politics, societal structures) up to this point has obscured the nature of the problem of evil because all systems for dealing
with it have been created, elaborated,
and promoted by
and for males.
In these terms Christian
philosophy and Christian natural
theology, though distinct, are intimately related
and fully compatible
with each other.)
It is a grand
and unique attempt to synthesise modern science
with the history
and philosophy of science of neo-scholastics such as Etienne Gilson, the metaphysics
and theology of Hans Urs von Balthasar, the mysticism of Eckhart,
and Henri de Lubac's retrieval of the pre-Augustinian tripartite (body - soul - spirit) anthropology.
In any event, developed Christian
theology rejected nothing good in the metaphysics, ethics, or method of ancient
philosophy, but —
with a kind of omnivorous glee — assimilated such elements as served its ends,
and always improved them in the process.
We are thus able to align our
theology with the scientific
and philosophic disciplines which already have made the conversion to the modern dynamic world - view from the classic static world - view — hence from the Ptolemaic to the Copernican, from the Aristotelian eternal species to the Darwinian evolution of species, from the metaphysical to the temporal or historical
and evolutionary in
philosophy and theology.
14I have not been able to interact here
with the two important articles by Joseph Bracken, SI., on process
philosophy and trinitarian
theology (PS 8/4: 217 - 30
and PS 11/2: 83 - 96).
Other essays in the collection compare
and contrast Hartshorne's theism
with Latin American liberation
theology (Peter C. Phan),
with phenomenology
and Buddhism (Hiroshi Endo),
and with European
philosophy (André Cloots
and Jan Van der Veken).
4In addition to his article in the present volume, see e.g., «A Whiteheadian Basis for Pannenberg's
Theology,» Encounter 38 (1977): 307 - 17; «A Dialogue About Process
Philosophy» (
with Wolfhart Pannenberg), Encounter 38 (1977): 318 - 24; «God as the Subjectivity of the Future,» Encounter 41 (1980): 287 - 92; «The Divine Activity of the Future,» Process Studies 11/3 (Fall 1981): 169 - 79;
and «Creativity in a Future Key,» in New Essays in Metaphysics, ed.
With regard to the question of justice, the claim that Whitehead's
philosophy contains «latent counterrevolutionary tendencies,»
and the call for a revolutionary process
theology, there seem to remain only a few necessary remarks.
John Brewer Eberly, Jr. is a master's student in the
Theology, Medicine, and Culture Fellowship at Duke Divinity school, with interests in the philosophy of beauty, philosophical theology, and medical hum
Theology, Medicine,
and Culture Fellowship at Duke Divinity school,
with interests in the
philosophy of beauty, philosophical
theology, and medical hum
theology,
and medical humanities.
This ideal was generally framed in neo-Thomist terms,
with first
philosophy and later
theology acting as the intellectual glue that united the disparate academic disciplines.
It may be true that existentialist
philosophy arrives in the end at statements almost identical
with those of Christian
theology, but that is not because it is a
philosophy, but because it borrows its thesis from other spheres which belong to another kingdom
and another order, or else it posits them dogmatically.
A principal strategy of the church growth
philosophy has been to identify the major demands people are making
and tailoring the message
and methods of the church to meet those demands, right down to the type of minister needed, the types of programs that should be offered, the type of
theology to preach, the best places to build,
and the most productive market segment to target
with one's «packaged» message.
(a) Philosophical preoccupation
with the various types of cultural activities on an idealistic basis (Johann Gottfried Herder, G. W. F. Hegel, Johann Gustav Droysen, Hermann Steinthal, Wilhelm Wundt); (b) legal studies (Aemilius Ludwig, Richter, Rudolf Sohm, Otto Gierke); (c) philology
and archeology, both stimulated by the romantic movement of the first decades of the nineteenth century; (d) economic theory
and history (Karl Marx, Lorenz von Stein, Heinrich von Treitschke, Wilhelm Roscher, Adolf Wagner, Gustav Schmoller, Ferdinand Tonnies); (e) ethnological research (Friedrich Ratzel, Adolf Bastian, Rudolf Steinmetz, Johann Jakob Bachofen, Hermann Steinthal, Richard Thurnwald, Alfred Vierkandt, P. Wilhelm Schmidt), on the one hand;
and historical
and systematical work in
theology (church history, canonical law — Kirchenrecht), systematic
theology (Schleiermacher, Richard Rothe),
and philosophy of religion, on the other, prepared the way during the nineteenth century for the following era to define the task of a sociology of religion
and to organize the material gathered by these pursuits.7 The names of Max Weber, Ernst Troeltsch, Werner Sombart,
and Georg Simmel — all students of the above - mentioned older scholars — stand out.
For a person who toots his own horn about how smart he is, you certainly seem to need a lot more study on ancient history, science,
and general
philosophy coupled
with theology.
Yet they would feel not justified in regarding their result as the last word of wisdom but would very definitely expect an appreciation
and evaluation which puts these results in the proper perspective of a unified system of knowledge,
philosophy, or
theology;
and it is irrelevant whether the latter task is performed in personal union
with that of description so long as the integrity of the latter is guaranteed.
This achievement alone is pregnant
with enormous meaning
and interest for
philosophy and theology;
and, in this regard, we must view Hartshorne as standing in the same tradition
with Aristotle, Aquinas, Spinoza, Hegel,
and Whitehead.
I conceive natural
theology as the area of overlap between
philosophy and theology, whereas this book deals chiefly
with the area of overlap between history
and theology.
But in Beyond Humanism
and elsewhere he expresses the idea that the new conception of God is not only philosophically superior to that of classical
philosophies and theologies, it is also theologically
and religiously more adequate in that it is much more compatible
with the Biblical idea of God as love.
Process
philosophy offers definite advantages for Christian
theology over earlier naturalistic
and idealistic
philosophies because it recognizes the qualitative discontinuities in human existence
and refuses to identify God
with any natural process.
It deals
with Christology
and the doctrine of God, as well as prayer, the resurrection, heaven, etc.
and it provides a general introduction to Whitehead's thought.128 The Task of Philosophical
Theology by C. J. Curtis, a Lutheran theologian, is a process exposition of numerous «theological notions» important to the «conservative, traditional» Christian viewpoint.129 Two very fine semi-popular introductions to process philosophy as a context for Christian theology are The Creative Advance by E. H. Peters130 and Process Thought and Christian Faith by Norman Pittenger.131 The latter, reflecting the concerns of a theologian, provides a concise introduction to the process view of God together with briefer comments on man, Christ, and «eternal life
Theology by C. J. Curtis, a Lutheran theologian, is a process exposition of numerous «theological notions» important to the «conservative, traditional» Christian viewpoint.129 Two very fine semi-popular introductions to process
philosophy as a context for Christian
theology are The Creative Advance by E. H. Peters130 and Process Thought and Christian Faith by Norman Pittenger.131 The latter, reflecting the concerns of a theologian, provides a concise introduction to the process view of God together with briefer comments on man, Christ, and «eternal life
theology are The Creative Advance by E. H. Peters130
and Process Thought
and Christian Faith by Norman Pittenger.131 The latter, reflecting the concerns of a theologian, provides a concise introduction to the process view of God together
with briefer comments on man, Christ,
and «eternal life.»
Thus, despite the fact that Wieman
and others of similar persuasion found elements of Whitehead's
philosophy congenial,
and despite the fact that many others saw Wieman as a Whiteheadian, in retrospect one must conclude that Whitehead's influence on Wieman was very partial
and that the influence of John Dewey,
with a resultant emphasis on empirical observation
and verification, was much more formative for Wieman's distinctively empirical
and pragmatic
theology.
I read a lot about religion,
theology,
and philosophy,
and I've come to a conclusion on what may be the most serious problem
with religious leadership today: Entitlement!
Philosophy and Christian
theology are, therefore, only relatively independent; «in the long run each can be completed only by effecting a final settlement
with the other.»
There is a critical need for catholic
theology to be engaged
with modern scientific
philosophy and yet remain faithful to the magisterium.
This reference just made to philosophical presuppositions identifies our thought
with one type of Christian
theology and cuts across the dominant tendency in the neo-orthodox movement, where
philosophy is wholly rejected by
theology as in Barth, or is given a merely peripheral role as in Brunner,
and, to a lesser extent, in Richard Niebuhr
and Reinhold Niebuhr.
For
philosophy and theology, in accordance
with their doctrine of man, which is prior in principle to that of the natural sciences, affirm an immediate creation of what they call soul.
Descartes himself acknowledged that his cogito ergo sum is already fundamental in Augustine's
philosophy (letter to Colvius, 14 November, 1640),
and he believed that his
philosophy was the first to demonstrate the philosophical truth of the doctrine of transubstantiation,
and could go so far as to claim that scholastic
philosophy would have been rejected as clashing
with faith if his
philosophy had been known first (letter to Mersenne, 31 March, 1641) Indeed, nothing is more revolutionary in modern
philosophy than its dissolution of the scholastic distinction between natural
theology and revealed
theology.
He graduated
with a liberal studies degree
and down the road plans to pursue graduate studies in
philosophy and theology with the intent of being a professor.]
The application of process
philosophy accomplishes three things which the author considers necessary to make
theology relevant today: (1) it reconciles
theology with the scientific world, (2) it reconciles immanence
and transcendence,
and (3) it makes theological talk relevant.
Since the impetus for process theism has primarily come from the
philosophies of Whitehead
and Hartshorne, it is not surprising that most process
theology heretofore has been largely preoccupied
with the problems
and questions they have left us.
I read a lot about religion,
theology,
and philosophy,
and I've come to a conclusion on what may be the most serious problem
with religious leadership today:
Descartes would cut
philosophy and theology away from all contact
with rude material things....
Besides all this, the specific relation between the Father
and the Logos is most important in safeguarding two truths, often obscured in
theology's ongoing dialogue
with philosophy:
Again our editorial argues that a developed natural
philosophy and theology, which are open to mutual synthesis
and to real contact
with the transcendent, as envisaged for instance by Vatican One in Dei Filius, can help to free our intellectual vision from the smothering effects of a too Platonic conception of the absoluteand infinite.
True, the distance which philosophical
theology establishes between God
and ourselves is still necessary to prevent us from confusing God
with our own idols,
and thus it is perhaps more than
philosophy, it is a hidden grace.
This attempt to conjoin
and utilize the realm of science,
with its accent on empirical
and sentient data,
and the realm of
philosophy,
with its accent on the quest for metaphysical truths, is basic to process
theology.
1Although «process hermeneutics» is used here principally in reference to NTIPP
and OTIPP, these collections are products of conversations that began
with a conference on Biblical
theology and process
philosophy, held at Christian Theological Seminary, Indianapolis, in 1974, whose papers were published in Encounter 36/4 (1975), PS 4/3 (1974) 159 - 86,
and LG 29 - 44.