Specifically, Susman et al. (2007) found that having an eveningness (vs. morningness) preference in late childhood / early adolescence (ages 8 — 13 years) was associated with antisocial behavior for boys but not girls, whereas an eveningness preference was uniquely associated
with reactive aggression for girls but not boys.
Of note, it appears that sleep problems are more closely associated
with reactive aggression as opposed to proactive aggression in adolescence (Fite et al. 2014).
The reduction of gmC in the amygdala of our violent group and the negative correlation of this variable
with reactive aggression traits in the left amygdala are consistent with previous reports focusing on reactive aggression.
If proactive aggression is present (in combination
with reactive aggression), clinical levels of conduct disorder and externalizing behavior problems are reported.
Pellegrini and colleagues36, 37 further discuss the «aggressive victim,» defined as youth who respond to bullying
with reactive aggression.
Poor effortful control is associated
with reactive aggression, that is, emotionally - driven reaction rather than unprovoked aggression, and with externalized behaviour problems.
For example in individuals
with reactive aggression aberrant amygdala activity but intact amygdala structure is observed [151].
Not exact matches
With these results, researchers can now move on to study specific social factors associated with changes in proactive and reactive aggression in childh
With these results, researchers can now move on to study specific social factors associated
with changes in proactive and reactive aggression in childh
with changes in proactive and
reactive aggression in childhood.
The study's cohort of Quebec twins, which included 223 sets of monozygotic twins (
with an identical genetic code) and 332 sets of fraternal twins, made it possible to determine whether the individual differences observed in proactive and
reactive aggression were due to genetic or environmental factors.
Compared to the «basic group,» the «augmented group» who received the stimulant drug and parent training plus risperidone showed significant improvement (on average
with moderately better behavior) on the Nisonger Child Behavior Rating Form (NCBRF) Disruptive - Total Scale, the NCBRF Social Competence subscale and the
Reactive Aggression part of the Antisocial Behavior Scale.
Bullies can be very
reactive to social slights and lash out at classmates
with little provocation, perhaps because they see no alternative to
aggression.
- Leash
reactive dogs (lunging, barking, snarling, etc. at other dogs while on the leash)- Dogs
with existing behavior problems (such as
aggression, anxiety, or extreme fearful behavior)- Dogs younger than 6 months of age
Please Note: Although we do allow the opportunity for dog / dog and / or dog people
Reactive puppies / dogs to participate; please note The Right Steps K9 Nose Work Classes are not appropriate for dogs
with a serious Bite History of (dog or human) Bites /
Aggression Issues.
The «Temperament Correct» pit bull: seeks out human interaction; is responsive, biddable and eager to please; may be genetically predisposed to
aggression towards other dogs or animals; is appropriately submissive; is well balanced and optimistic; enjoys handling; presents good eye contact; is able to be calm in the presence of other dogs on leash or — if initially leash
reactive - can learn how to tolerate their presence; is willing to connect
with handler during high arousal; can be handled safely even in times of high arousal; accepts a reasonable amount of confinement; drops arousal levels quickly when removed from a stressful situation; is social
with people of all types; is responsive and good natured; is never aggressive towards humans.
People
with reactive dogs or dogs
with behavioral issues such as
aggression towards people and / or other animals.
If you share your home
with a
reactive dog that displays
aggression in public, take a moment and think twice before leashing your dog up.
I am taking her to be evaluated tomorrow morning by a trainer
with 30 + years of experience in
reactive aggression & eCollar use.
This popular program is designed for
reactive dogs
with mild to moderate leash
aggression issues.
Also, similar associations between ADHD and the three different factors were found, but
with significant stronger correlations between the YSR ADHD scale (not the CBCL scale) and the «frustration - based»
reactive aggression factor, compared to the «proactive factor».
However, the YSR (but not CBCL) anxiety scale was significantly stronger correlated
with «
reactive aggression due to internal frustration» compared to the proactive and the «
reactive aggression due to external provocation».
No proactive - only group could be determined, suggesting that proactive
aggression does not exist without
reactive aggression or that adolescents
with proactive - only
aggression are not being referred to clinical practice.
Internalizing problems were significantly stronger associated
with the two forms of
reactive aggression compared to the proactive form of
aggression, which is in line
with results of a meta - analysis of Card and Little (2006) regarding proactive and
reactive aggression in children and adolescents.
Findings suggest that
reactive aggression is a more «normal» phenomenon at younger age and when not diminishing
with age it may be a marker for the most severe
aggression in older adolescents.
Effects of mentalization on
reactive aggression were fully accounted for by its shared variance
with proactive
aggression.
This is in line
with our hypothesis that
reactive aggression is associated
with anxiety, but in contrast
with the model of Blair (2013) where «threat - based
reactive aggression» was associated
with anxiety problems.
This is in line
with previous research showing inhibition and inattention problems within
reactive aggression.
Second, we hypothesized that the person - based analysis would yield different classes of individuals including the presence of both subtypes in the individual and
reactive or proactive
aggression with the absence of the other subtype (Kempes et al. 2005).
However, proactive
aggression was significantly stronger correlated
with YSR and CBCL conduct disorder problems (CD) than the two
reactive forms of
aggression.
We expected that
reactive aggression would be particularly associated
with anxiety and attention problems, and proactive
aggression with increased levels of conduct disorder symptoms (Vitaro et al. 2002).
For example, Ostrov et al. -LRB-[2013]-RRB- recently reported that the prospective associations of relational
aggression in early childhood went in opposite directions depending on whether the
aggression was
reactive or proactive; proactive relational
aggression was associated
with decreases in peer rejection, whereas
reactive relational
aggression was associated
with increases in peer rejection over time.
One explanation may be that both findings are separate effects, or that girls
with DBD and PTSD symptoms show a different, more
reactive form of
aggression.
These three forms of
aggression show, besides similar and overlapping behavioral associations, also some specific associations; namely lower associations
with internalizing problems and higher associations
with CD in proactive
aggression; higher associations of anxiety, ADHD and internalizing problems were found in the «
reactive aggression due to internal frustration».
Self - esteem, the quality of friendships
with other girls, and levels of
reactive relational
aggression are significant predictors of peer victimization.
To be specific, profiles based on these variables were analyzed in children
with high levels of proactive versus
reactive aggression.
Specific Contributions of Age of Onset, Callous - Unemotional Traits and Impulsivity to
Reactive and Proactive
Aggression in Youths
with Conduct Disorders.
Compared
with those scoring low on narcissism, those high on narcissism, who were the least physiologically
reactive group, evinced greater proactive
aggression, whereas those showing a pattern of coactivation (i.e., sympathetic and parasympathetic autonomic reactivity) evinced greater
reactive aggression.
Nevertheless, differential profiles of subjects
with high levels of proactive versus
reactive aggression were not observed.
The reactivity of the amygala to negatively valenced stimuli (including angry or fearful faces) is increased in psychiatric syndromes
with elevated risk for
reactive aggression (Blair, 2012), including intermittent explosive disorder (IED)(Coccaro et al., 2007), borderline personality disorder (Herpertz et al., 2001; Minzenberg et al., 2007; Silbersweig et al., 2007) and children
with conduct problems (Sterzer et al., 2005).
Therefore the reviewed literature supports a dichotomy: increased
reactive aggression associated
with a hyper -
reactive amygdala and CU traits associated
with a hypo -
reactive amygdala.