Dear Author noted on this post at The Digital Reader
with reports to that effect, and links to further reading on the matter.
Not exact matches
Important factors that could cause actual results
to differ materially from those reflected in such forward - looking statements and that should be considered in evaluating our outlook include, but are not limited
to, the following: 1) our ability
to continue
to grow our business and execute our growth strategy, including the timing, execution, and profitability of new and maturing programs; 2) our ability
to perform our obligations under our new and maturing commercial, business aircraft, and military development programs, and the related recurring production; 3) our ability
to accurately estimate and manage performance, cost, and revenue under our contracts, including our ability
to achieve certain cost reductions
with respect
to the B787 program; 4) margin pressures and the potential for additional forward losses on new and maturing programs; 5) our ability
to accommodate, and the cost of accommodating, announced increases in the build rates of certain aircraft; 6) the
effect on aircraft demand and build rates of changing customer preferences for business aircraft, including the
effect of global economic conditions on the business aircraft market and expanding conflicts or political unrest in the Middle East or Asia; 7) customer cancellations or deferrals as a result of global economic uncertainty or otherwise; 8) the
effect of economic conditions in the industries and markets in which we operate in the U.S. and globally and any changes therein, including fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates; 9) the success and timely execution of key milestones such as the receipt of necessary regulatory approvals, including our ability
to obtain in a timely fashion any required regulatory or other third party approvals for the consummation of our announced acquisition of Asco, and customer adherence
to their announced schedules; 10) our ability
to successfully negotiate, or re-negotiate, future pricing under our supply agreements
with Boeing and our other customers; 11) our ability
to enter into profitable supply arrangements
with additional customers; 12) the ability of all parties
to satisfy their performance requirements under existing supply contracts
with our two major customers, Boeing and Airbus, and other customers, and the risk of nonpayment by such customers; 13) any adverse impact on Boeing's and Airbus» production of aircraft resulting from cancellations, deferrals, or reduced orders by their customers or from labor disputes, domestic or international hostilities, or acts of terrorism; 14) any adverse impact on the demand for air travel or our operations from the outbreak of diseases or epidemic or pandemic outbreaks; 15) our ability
to avoid or recover from cyber-based or other security attacks, information technology failures, or other disruptions; 16) returns on pension plan assets and the impact of future discount rate changes on pension obligations; 17) our ability
to borrow additional funds or refinance debt, including our ability
to obtain the debt
to finance the purchase price for our announced acquisition of Asco on favorable terms or at all; 18) competition from commercial aerospace original equipment manufacturers and other aerostructures suppliers; 19) the
effect of governmental laws, such as U.S. export control laws and U.S. and foreign anti-bribery laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and the United Kingdom Bribery Act, and environmental laws and agency regulations, both in the U.S. and abroad; 20) the
effect of changes in tax law, such as the
effect of The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the «TCJA») that was enacted on December 22, 2017, and changes
to the interpretations of or guidance related thereto, and the Company's ability
to accurately calculate and estimate the
effect of such changes; 21) any reduction in our credit ratings; 22) our dependence on our suppliers, as well as the cost and availability of raw materials and purchased components; 23) our ability
to recruit and retain a critical mass of highly - skilled employees and our relationships
with the unions representing many of our employees; 24) spending by the U.S. and other governments on defense; 25) the possibility that our cash flows and our credit facility may not be adequate for our additional capital needs or for payment of interest on, and principal of, our indebtedness; 26) our exposure under our revolving credit facility
to higher interest payments should interest rates increase substantially; 27) the effectiveness of any interest rate hedging programs; 28) the effectiveness of our internal control over financial
reporting; 29) the outcome or impact of ongoing or future litigation, claims, and regulatory actions; 30) exposure
to potential product liability and warranty claims; 31) our ability
to effectively assess, manage and integrate acquisitions that we pursue, including our ability
to successfully integrate the Asco business and generate synergies and other cost savings; 32) our ability
to consummate our announced acquisition of Asco in a timely matter while avoiding any unexpected costs, charges, expenses, adverse changes
to business relationships and other business disruptions for ourselves and Asco as a result of the acquisition; 33) our ability
to continue selling certain receivables through our supplier financing program; 34) the risks of doing business internationally, including fluctuations in foreign current exchange rates, impositions of tariffs or embargoes, compliance
with foreign laws, and domestic and foreign government policies; and 35) our ability
to complete the proposed accelerated stock repurchase plan, among other things.
As I've been
reporting this week, the Trump administration's threats
to cut off insurer payments that help low - income Americans
with their deductibles and out - of - pocket medical costs has already had a real - world
effect on markets.
These latest
reports and in particular the Productivity commission are nonsence
to say that it will have a marked
effect on the overseas On - Line sales is absolute rubbish.My daughter is in retail in Sydney the problem
with overseas On - Line they pay no tax eg GST super, the list goes on we forget WA metro has say 1.8 m people Sydney has 6m Bondi Junction which is probiably the largest shopping centre in Sydney is shut at 6 o, clock most nights The gov keeps going on about the east and what they do Wayne Spencer and co are mouth peaces for the large retailers.My main concern is the On - Lne which is destroying Australias retail ecnomy if it fails being our largest employer the country will be in huge trouble economicly.I have spelt this out in detail in an Email
to Bill Shorten if you would like a copy
These risks and uncertainties include, among others: the unfavorable outcome of litigation, including so - called «Paragraph IV» litigation and other patent litigation, related
to any of our products or products using our proprietary technologies, which may lead
to competition from generic drug manufacturers; data from clinical trials may be interpreted by the FDA in different ways than we interpret it; the FDA may not agree
with our regulatory approval strategies or components of our filings for our products, including our clinical trial designs, conduct and methodologies and, for ALKS 5461, evidence of efficacy and adequacy of bridging
to buprenorphine; clinical development activities may not be completed on time or at all; the results of our clinical development activities may not be positive, or predictive of real - world results or of results in subsequent clinical trials; regulatory submissions may not occur or be submitted in a timely manner; the company and its licensees may not be able
to continue
to successfully commercialize their products; there may be a reduction in payment rate or reimbursement for the company's products or an increase in the company's financial obligations
to governmental payers; the FDA or regulatory authorities outside the U.S. may make adverse decisions regarding the company's products; the company's products may prove difficult
to manufacture, be precluded from commercialization by the proprietary rights of third parties, or have unintended side
effects, adverse reactions or incidents of misuse; and those risks and uncertainties described under the heading «Risk Factors» in the company's most recent Annual
Report on Form 10 - K and in subsequent filings made by the company
with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission («SEC»), which are available on the SEC's website at www.sec.gov.
One group looked at the
effect of sleep loss on productivity at four American companies and found employees who weren't sleeping well or enough
to be roughly twice as likely
to report difficulties
with time management, decision - making and motivation.
«Even if they did, or if Mr. Trump were able
to pass a major infrastructure spending package, they would prove inflationary, causing the Federal Reserve
to respond
with a faster pace of monetary tightening that would offset the positive
effect on growth,» the Economist Intelligence Unit
report says.
In a well - publicized
report titled the «Red Sneaker
Effect,» doctoral candidate Silvia Bellezza explored the idea that high - status thinkers and business people tend
to break free of the rules — eating
with their mouths open, eschewing blazers for T - shirts and forgetting
to shave for weeks on end.
Actual results may differ materially from those indicated by these forward - looking statements as a result of various important factors including, but not limited
to, the
effects of any unexpected difficulty in closing our financial books for the quarter and other factors that are discussed in the Company's Annual
Report on Form 10 - K, quarterly
reports on Form 10 - Q, and other documents periodically filed
with the SEC.
Important factors that could cause our actual results and financial condition
to differ materially from those indicated in the forward - looking statements include, among others, the following: our ability
to successfully and profitably market our products and services; the acceptance of our products and services by patients and healthcare providers; our ability
to meet demand for our products and services; the willingness of health insurance companies and other payers
to cover Cologuard and adequately reimburse us for our performance of the Cologuard test; the amount and nature of competition from other cancer screening and diagnostic products and services; the
effects of the adoption, modification or repeal of any healthcare reform law, rule, order, interpretation or policy; the
effects of changes in pricing, coverage and reimbursement for our products and services, including without limitation as a result of the Protecting Access
to Medicare Act of 2014; recommendations, guidelines and quality metrics issued by various organizations such as the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, the American Cancer Society, and the National Committee for Quality Assurance regarding cancer screening or our products and services; our ability
to successfully develop new products and services; our success establishing and maintaining collaborative, licensing and supplier arrangements; our ability
to maintain regulatory approvals and comply
with applicable regulations; and the other risks and uncertainties described in the Risk Factors and in Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations sections of our most recently filed Annual
Report on Form 10 - K and our subsequently filed Quarterly
Reports on Form 10 - Q.
These risks and uncertainties include: Gilead's ability
to achieve its anticipated full year 2018 financial results; Gilead's ability
to sustain growth in revenues for its antiviral and other programs; the risk that private and public payers may be reluctant
to provide, or continue
to provide, coverage or reimbursement for new products, including Vosevi, Yescarta, Epclusa, Harvoni, Genvoya, Odefsey, Descovy, Biktarvy and Vemlidy ®; austerity measures in European countries that may increase the amount of discount required on Gilead's products; an increase in discounts, chargebacks and rebates due
to ongoing contracts and future negotiations
with commercial and government payers; a larger than anticipated shift in payer mix
to more highly discounted payer segments and geographic regions and decreases in treatment duration; availability of funding for state AIDS Drug Assistance Programs (ADAPs); continued fluctuations in ADAP purchases driven by federal and state grant cycles which may not mirror patient demand and may cause fluctuations in Gilead's earnings; market share and price erosion caused by the introduction of generic versions of Viread and Truvada, an uncertain global macroeconomic environment; and potential amendments
to the Affordable Care Act or other government action that could have the
effect of lowering prices or reducing the number of insured patients; the possibility of unfavorable results from clinical trials involving investigational compounds; Gilead's ability
to initiate clinical trials in its currently anticipated timeframes; the levels of inventory held by wholesalers and retailers which may cause fluctuations in Gilead's earnings; Kite's ability
to develop and commercialize cell therapies utilizing the zinc finger nuclease technology platform and realize the benefits of the Sangamo partnership; Gilead's ability
to submit new drug applications for new product candidates in the timelines currently anticipated; Gilead's ability
to receive regulatory approvals in a timely manner or at all, for new and current products, including Biktarvy; Gilead's ability
to successfully commercialize its products, including Biktarvy; the risk that physicians and patients may not see advantages of these products over other therapies and may therefore be reluctant
to prescribe the products; Gilead's ability
to successfully develop its hematology / oncology and inflammation / respiratory programs; safety and efficacy data from clinical studies may not warrant further development of Gilead's product candidates, including GS - 9620 and Yescarta in combination
with Pfizer's utomilumab; Gilead's ability
to pay dividends or complete its share repurchase program due
to changes in its stock price, corporate or other market conditions; fluctuations in the foreign exchange rate of the U.S. dollar that may cause an unfavorable foreign currency exchange impact on Gilead's future revenues and pre-tax earnings; and other risks identified from time
to time in Gilead's
reports filed
with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the SEC).
(c) The following table sets forth all transactions
with respect
to Shares
effected during the past sixty (60) days by any of the
Reporting Persons.
Such risks and uncertainties include, but are not limited
to: our ability
to achieve our financial, strategic and operational plans or initiatives; our ability
to predict and manage medical costs and price effectively and develop and maintain good relationships
with physicians, hospitals and other health care providers; the impact of modifications
to our operations and processes; our ability
to identify potential strategic acquisitions or transactions and realize the expected benefits of such transactions, including
with respect
to the Merger; the substantial level of government regulation over our business and the potential
effects of new laws or regulations or changes in existing laws or regulations; the outcome of litigation, regulatory audits, investigations, actions and / or guaranty fund assessments; uncertainties surrounding participation in government - sponsored programs such as Medicare; the effectiveness and security of our information technology and other business systems; unfavorable industry, economic or political conditions, including foreign currency movements; acts of war, terrorism, natural disasters or pandemics; our ability
to obtain shareholder or regulatory approvals required for the Merger or the requirement
to accept conditions that could reduce the anticipated benefits of the Merger as a condition
to obtaining regulatory approvals; a longer time than anticipated
to consummate the proposed Merger; problems regarding the successful integration of the businesses of Express Scripts and Cigna; unexpected costs regarding the proposed Merger; diversion of management's attention from ongoing business operations and opportunities during the pendency of the Merger; potential litigation associated
with the proposed Merger; the ability
to retain key personnel; the availability of financing, including relating
to the proposed Merger;
effects on the businesses as a result of uncertainty surrounding the proposed Merger; as well as more specific risks and uncertainties discussed in our most recent
report on Form 10 - K and subsequent
reports on Forms 10 - Q and 8 - K available on the Investor Relations section of www.cigna.com as well as on Express Scripts» most recent
report on Form 10 - K and subsequent
reports on Forms 10 - Q and 8 - K available on the Investor Relations section of www.express-scripts.com.
Thus, while concluding that the NGP is likely
to result in significant adverse environmental
effects with respect
to caribou and grizzly bears, the JRP recommended that these «can be justified in the circumstances, as set out in Chapter 2» (see NGP
Report, Volume II, Chapter 8, Environmental Assessment).
From a strictly legal perspective, the relevant question is not whether there is a sufficient connection
to any particular existing or proposed oil sands development or other production activity, and certainly not whether such projects or activities were included in the Terms of Reference (ToR), but rather simply whether the GHGs associated
with the production of bitumen that will be transported by the NGP are an «environmental
effect» of that project (see NGP
Report, Volume II, Appendix 4, Terms of Reference, which defines «environmental
effect» very broadly
to mean «any change that the project may cause in the environment.»
Actual results may vary materially from those expressed or implied by forward - looking statements based on a number of factors, including, without limitation: (1) risks related
to the consummation of the Merger, including the risks that (a) the Merger may not be consummated within the anticipated time period, or at all, (b) the parties may fail
to obtain shareholder approval of the Merger Agreement, (c) the parties may fail
to secure the termination or expiration of any waiting period applicable under the HSR Act, (d) other conditions
to the consummation of the Merger under the Merger Agreement may not be satisfied, (e) all or part of Arby's financing may not become available, and (f) the significant limitations on remedies contained in the Merger Agreement may limit or entirely prevent BWW from specifically enforcing Arby's obligations under the Merger Agreement or recovering damages for any breach by Arby's; (2) the
effects that any termination of the Merger Agreement may have on BWW or its business, including the risks that (a) BWW's stock price may decline significantly if the Merger is not completed, (b) the Merger Agreement may be terminated in circumstances requiring BWW
to pay Arby's a termination fee of $ 74 million, or (c) the circumstances of the termination, including the possible imposition of a 12 - month tail period during which the termination fee could be payable upon certain subsequent transactions, may have a chilling
effect on alternatives
to the Merger; (3) the
effects that the announcement or pendency of the Merger may have on BWW and its business, including the risks that as a result (a) BWW's business, operating results or stock price may suffer, (b) BWW's current plans and operations may be disrupted, (c) BWW's ability
to retain or recruit key employees may be adversely affected, (d) BWW's business relationships (including, customers, franchisees and suppliers) may be adversely affected, or (e) BWW's management's or employees» attention may be diverted from other important matters; (4) the
effect of limitations that the Merger Agreement places on BWW's ability
to operate its business, return capital
to shareholders or engage in alternative transactions; (5) the nature, cost and outcome of pending and future litigation and other legal proceedings, including any such proceedings related
to the Merger and instituted against BWW and others; (6) the risk that the Merger and related transactions may involve unexpected costs, liabilities or delays; (7) other economic, business, competitive, legal, regulatory, and / or tax factors; and (8) other factors described under the heading «Risk Factors» in Part I, Item 1A of BWW's Annual
Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended December 25, 2016, as updated or supplemented by subsequent
reports that BWW has filed or files
with the SEC.
They also
report lower intention
to leave the firm for another job, but consistent
with the idea that the context matters, the favorable
effects appear
to depend on the presence of other supportive workplace policies.
First
reported as a partnership that would find the state - owned bank collaborating directly
with the Ethereum Foundation, the non-profit for which Buterin serves as council, the VEB has confirmed it will be retracting public statements
to that
effect.
These risks and uncertainties include: fluctuations in U.S. and international economies and currencies, our ability
to preserve, grow and leverage our brands, potential negative
effects of material breaches of our information technology systems if any were
to occur, costs associated
with, and the successful execution of, the company's initiatives and plans, the acceptance of the company's products by our customers, the impact of competition, coffee, dairy and other raw material prices and availability, the
effect of legal proceedings, and other risks detailed in the company filings
with the Securities and Exchange Commission, including the «Risk Factors» section of Starbucks Annual
Report on Form 10 - K for the fiscal year ended September 28, 2014.
Income
reporting would instead show that short - term corrections have little
effect on long - term outcomes, giving participants the potential encouragement
to stay the course
with their financial plan.
They work
with corporations
to increase the availability of animal product alternatives and have developed a «restaurant
report card»
to score the top 100 chain restaurants according
to their plant - based options.22 In general, we think that corporate outreach is a relatively effective animal advocacy intervention, though we are less certain of the
effects of promoting plant - based options in restaurants than we are of the
effects of working
with corporations
to implement welfare reforms.
We are particularly concerned by
reports that this order went into
effect with little
to no consultation
with the Departments of State, Defense, Justice, and Homeland Security... Ultimately, we fear this executive order will become a self - inflicted wound in the fight against terrorism.
This
effect is most common if you have failed
to properly mix the psyllium husk
with water or have undergone bowel surgery,
reports MedlinePlus.
Therefore it is
with regret that I
report that I feel the changes in the new standard regarding shade criteria have negative
effects and, due
to lack of transparency, I can no longer recommend Rainforest Alliance certified coffee
to consumers specifically seeking «shade grown» coffee.
Next up is struggling Crystal Palace and
with the game being played at the Emirates stadium on new years day and looking at Palace's league position and recent form you might think it is another three points in the bag, except for the fact that they have a new manager in the shape of Sam Allardyce and according
to a Sky Sports
report the Palace defender Martin Kelly reckons that the Big Sam
effect is already making itself felt at Selhurst Park.
Stindl has only eighteen months remaining on his current contract,
with the
report claiming a release clause of just # 2.2 m comes into
effect in the summer transfer window, which would no doubt make him a potential bargain if he did make the move
to Anfield.
Perhaps he's talked candidly
with Popovich and the players; there has been no
reporting to that
effect, though, and Leonard has been radio silent in public, which in fairness is not particularly odd for him.
However, Giroud also linked up
with the German
to great
effect this weekend and he spoke about how well their understanding has grown, as
reported by the Daily Mail.
That is the line QPR boss Harry Redknapp is spinning
to potential new recruits,
with quotes
to that
effect widely
reported in the...
While all but three states now have laws requiring immediate removal from play of athletes
with concussion signs or symptoms and prohibit same - day return
to play for those
with suspected concussion, some are concerned that such laws may have the perverse
effect of making the under -
reporting problem even worse, fearing that an athlete is going
to be even less likely
to self -
report experiencing concussion symptoms and more likely
to hide symptoms from teammates, game officials and sideline personnel if they know that a suspected concussion may sideline them for the rest of the game.
Chemicals
with estrogenic activity «have been
reported to have potential adverse health
effects in mammals, including humans, especially in fetal and infant states,» says Dr. George Bittner, a professor of neurobiology at the University of Texas at Austin who has served on many National Institutes of Health panels.
As well as bonding
with the baby when sharing the breastfeeding, lesbian parents
report enjoying the
effects of the relaxation hormones released when lactating (resulting in lower stress levels in the parent and baby), the flexibility of having two nursing parents when one needs
to absent herself occasionally or when returning
to work, and the health benefits of breastfeeding such as lower rates of breast cancer, ovarian cancer and Type II diabetes (8), (9).
However, lessons were learned from these early programmes and in 2004, the Texas Fragile Families initiative
reported an increase in child support orders / paternity establishment among its participants (
with a «dose»
effect — the longer the young father was involved in the programme, the more likely he was
to establish paternity / pay child support); and employment rates up from 50 % at the start of the programme
to almost 70 % at six months and 80 % at one year (Romo et al, 2004).
Although none of the groups
reported on drug side
effects, while Guo who tested only breastfed infants
reported on significant decrease in infant crying, and decrease in depressive symptoms at one month and at two months respectively, Sung who tested both formula fed and breastfed infants
reported on increase crying in the probiotic treated infants (particularly in the formula fed infants) compared
to placebo
with no
effect on maternal depressive symptoms.
FDA: «FDA Drug Safety Communication:
Reports of a rare, but serious and potentially fatal adverse
effect with the use of OTC benzocaine gels and liquids applied
to the gums or mouth.»
Of note, our point estimate for premature death exceeds the annual number of U.S. deaths from cervical cancer (3,909), asthma (3,361), or influenza (3,055).45 If a randomized control trial were
to demonstrate similar
effects to those
reported in the observational literature, the «number needed
to treat»
with optimal breastfeeding
to prevent a case of maternal hypertension would be 35,
to prevent a maternal MI would be 135, and
to prevent a case of breast cancer would be 385.
Twenty - nine percent of children 2
to 3 years of age have a television in their bedroom, and 30 % of parents have
reported that watching a television program enabled their children
to fall asleep.3 Although parents perceive a televised program
to be a calming sleep aid, some programs actually increase bedtime resistance, delay the onset of sleep, cause anxiety about falling asleep, and shorten sleep duration.41 Specifically, in children younger than 3 years, television viewing is associated
with irregular sleep schedules.42 Poor sleep habits have adverse
effects on mood, behavior, and learning.
A series of randomized control trials of a nurse home visitation program show a range of positive
effects on maternal health, including decreases in prenatal cigarette smoking, fewer hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, and fewer closely spaced subsequent pregnancies., A randomized control study of another program that works
with a particularly high - risk population found that participant mothers showed significantly lower depressive symptoms than those in the control group and were less likely
to report feeling stressed a year after participation.
In two studies, mothers
reported more negative emotional behaviour in their preschool - aged children who formerly had colic, although there were no differences in all other
reported behaviour problems when compared
to infants who did not have colic.20, 21 Finally, several studies have also examined mental development in infants
with colic and likewise have demonstrated no
effect of colic.15, 16,20,22 In one study, although differences on the Bayley MDI were revealed at six months, both groups were within the normal range, and no differences were found at 12 months of age.23
There are now 400
reports of adverse side
effects — including 10 deaths — associated
with these products, according
to the FDA.
Morbidity and mortality The
reported risk of food allergy at 12 months of age was statistically significantly reduced among exclusively breastfed infants relative
to mixed breastfed infants by 81 % (RR 0.19, 95 % CI [0.08
to 0.48], p = 0.00036; 1 study / 135 infants); however, when double - challenged
with food in the same study, the
effect size was reduced and became non-significant (RR 0.77, 95 % CI [0.25
to 2.41], p = 0.66).
If your child does have a serious side
effect that is associated
with taking an antibiotic, you can
report it
to the FDA through their MedWatch online voluntary
reporting form.
FDA Drug Safety Communication:
Reports of a rare, but serious and potentially fatal adverse
effect with the use of over-the-counter (OTC) benzocaine gels and liquids applied
to the gums or mouth.
Tough documents the devastating
effects of adverse childhood experiences on children's ability
to cope
with stress, and he
reports on recent educational programs
to help students develop «non-cognitive» skills - grit, optimism, curiosity, zest, social intelligence, gratitude, and self - control — that are essential
to success in life.
With new
reports of a drinkable sunscreen and summer's arrival, it's time
to brush up on sun safety information and ideas
to keep you and your family safe from the sun's harmful and damaging
effects.
However, the
report qualified this by saying that «in terms of national resource use, the economic
effects of a ban on hunting would be unlikely
to be substantial»,
with the
effects most likely
to have dissipated within a decade, but that in the short term «the individual and local
effects would be more serious».
If the contract sums were in excess of the thresholds approved by the PPA, it begs the question why these issues were not pointed out in the
report of the tender evaluation panel, why the Deputy Chairpersons as member so the Review Panel did not point this out and why the Deputy Chairperson CS would approve the payments
to Clicotech and Cads Contracts (same contracts, issued through same process) and ensure that payments on the contracts were
effected without the approval of the Chairperson and
with no notice
to her.
More than two of every five Americans reside in counties
with unhealthy levels of smog and air pollution, thanks largely
to the
effect of global warming, health researchers
report.
• Partnership
with the Electoral Commission
to study individual electoral registration
effects, culminating in a joint
report.
In most cases, the surcharges were initially met
with hostility, but the positive
effects have been hard
to deny: Immediately following the initiation of zone charging, London saw congestion reduced by a quarter, average speeds increase by 30 percent, and carbon dioxide emissions decrease by 20 percent, per the Fix NYC
report.