Lead authors of an article describing their work
with scale insects in the current issue of the journal ZooKeys are AMNH's Isabelle Vea, Ben Normark of UMass Amherst and Rodger Gwiazdowski, once Normark's doctoral student and now a postdoctoral research fellow at the Biodiversity Institute of Ontario, Guelph.
Lots of mimics therefore try to pass themselves off as ants, but one of the cleverest is this dark - footed ant spider, seen here crawling around on a leaf
with some scale insects.
Not exact matches
But the presence of increased heat and / or
scale insects, when combined
with water stress, had a multiplier effect — curtailing growth far more than water stress or
scale insects alone.
«Recent studies found that
scale insect populations increase on oak and maple trees in warmer urban areas, which raises the possibility that these pests may also increase
with global warming,» says Dr. Elsa Youngsteadt, a research associate at NC State and lead author of a paper on the work.
But other
scales researchers inspected were hollow
with markings that distinctly resemble those of a living class of the
insects that uses its proboscis to eat.
«This work makes us think that increasing urbanization and rising temperatures associated
with global climate change could lead to increases in
scale insect populations, which could have correspondingly negative effects on trees like the red maple,» Dale says.
The Ecological Applications study's findings are also consistent
with an earlier study from Frank's lab that found another
scale insect species is more abundant at warmer temperatures due to increased survival rates.
But when coauthor Timo van Eldijk, also at Utrecht, compared the newly found
insect scales with those from silverfish, beetles and other scaly
insects, modern
scales of a big branch of the moth - butterfly lineage proved the best match.
Comparing the ridges and inner structure of the
scales with those from modern
insects suggests the fossils came from the evolutionary branch of
insects that today gives us moths and butterflies
with nectar - sipping mouthparts.
This effect is typical
with light - scattering structures like the tiny
scales that cover the
insect's wings.
They also pose natural and economic threats, competing
with native ants and pollinators, and protecting plant pests such as aphids and
scales in return for the sweet honeydew secretions that these
insects produce.
The area of each of the safe sites (areas
with residual pollen) on the animals» body as well as the area of the whole
insect body (exoskeleton including projecting bristles of caput = head, thorax and abdomen) was measured from the photos
with the image processing software Fiji [44], calculating from the
scale paper.
In WP7, iBET will be involved in activities connected
with mammalian and
insect cell expression platform screening, and small -
scale production and purification of candidate vaccines.
We would also welcome work
with conservationists of endangered, barberry - dependent
insect species to ensure that planting of common barberry occurs away from arable land, thus safeguarding European cereals from a large -
scale re-emergence of wheat stem rust.»
A major limitation of attempts to characterize patterns of change in the immune system across diverse
insects is that,
with few exceptions (e. g. [22]-RRB-,
insect immune proteins have only been well characterized on a large
scale in Dipterans, primarily in Drosophila melanogaster [23].
When things go haywire and the countdown clock to a cataclysmic, Earth - wide geostorm starts, Devlin's movie (which he wrote
with Paul Guyot, «The Librarians») metastasizes into the gargantuan -
scale - but - still - cheap - looking version of a little boy's toy time that it always wanted to be: throwing baseballs at figurines (hailstorm in Japan), drowning playsets in the bathtub (tidal wave in Dubai), turning a magnifying glass on
insects (death ray on Moscow), and blowing a fan on everything (the aforementioned tornadoes).
If the player gives Nat an entry that breaks the first - place record during the Bug - Off, and the bug scores at least 80 points on his rating
scale, he will reward the player
with an item from the
Insect Set.
I like to play
with scale and will often imagine the size that a plant must appear to an
insect... what is it about the flower that attracts or repels?