Influenza viruses are prevalent worldwide, and it is estimated that more than 200 000 people in the United States are hospitalized each year for respiratory and heart conditions, illnesses associated
with seasonal influenza virus infections.14 Previous epidemiological studies on associations between influenza infection during pregnancy and ASD reported mixed results.
Not exact matches
The mechanisms behind
seasonal influenza outbreaks are unclear, but understanding these patterns could help health officials wrangle
with a notoriously mercurial medical specter caused by a rapidly mutating
virus.
Using
virus histochemical analysis, the investigators looked at the pattern of attachment of two genetically engineered emerging H7
viruses (containing the hemagglutinin (HA) of either
influenza virus A / Shanghai / 1 / 13 or A / Anhui / 1 / 13) to fixed human respiratory tract tissues and compared the findings to attachment patterns seen
with human
influenza viruses with high transmissibility but low virulence (
seasonal H3N2 and pandemic H1N1) and highly pathogenic avian
influenza (HPAI)
viruses with low transmissibility and high virulence (H5N1 and H7N7).
The never - before - described
virus did not involve the novel H1N1 but instead picked up the surface genes from the
seasonal human H1N1
virus that has long infected humans and combined them
with what's known as the triple - reassortant swine
influenza.
In additional experiments, the scientists found that participants who had significant antibody responses did not necessarily also have significant immune system T cell responses to avian
viruses, indicating that these two arms of immunity can be independently boosted after vaccination or infection; that individuals who reported receiving
seasonal influenza vaccination had significantly higher antibodies to the avian H4, H5, H6, and H8 subtypes; and that participants
with exposure to poultry had significantly higher antibody responses to the H7 subtype, but to none of the other subtypes tested.
Each year, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, in collaboration
with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the World Health Organization, decides which strains of
influenza virus to include in the
seasonal flu vaccine.