Sentences with phrase «with substantial variability»

Additional escalation of the mining impact occurs as conventional oil mining is supplanted by tar sands development, with mining and land disturbance from the latter producing land use - related greenhouse gas emissions as much as 23 times greater than conventional oil production per unit area [152], but with substantial variability and uncertainty [152]--[153].

Not exact matches

Variability in breathing patterns of infants is good and a sign of health, ordinarily, and such variability is often associated with more substantial inhalations of oxygen, leading to shorter apneas in deep stage of sleep from which awakenings can be difficult (see Richards eVariability in breathing patterns of infants is good and a sign of health, ordinarily, and such variability is often associated with more substantial inhalations of oxygen, leading to shorter apneas in deep stage of sleep from which awakenings can be difficult (see Richards evariability is often associated with more substantial inhalations of oxygen, leading to shorter apneas in deep stage of sleep from which awakenings can be difficult (see Richards et al 1998).

Although the magnitude of potential climate change may be comparable to variability experienced in the past, the rate of that change is anticipated to be significantly greater (Diffenbaugh and Field 2013), with substantial implications for Montana's forests.

However, the large - scale nature of heat content variability, the similarity of the Levitus et al. (2005a) and the Ishii et al. (2006) analyses and new results showing a decrease in the global heat content in a period with much better data coverage (Lyman et al., 2006), gives confidence that there is substantial inter-decadal variability in global ocean heat content.

There is medium confidence that the GMST trend difference between models and observations during 1998 — 2012 is to a substantial degree caused by internal variability, with possible contributions from forcing error and some CMIP5 models overestimating the response to increasing greenhouse - gas forcing.»

In an early study, Backman et al. (1995) found substantial inter-individual variability in an isometric time - to - exhaustion test, particularly with changes in age, as well as differences in rating of perceived exertion (RPE) between the subjects.

Regarding carbohydrate source, a diet with a low versus high glycemic index can be used to reduce HbA1c moderately (by ∼ 0.5 %).13 Case series and pilot studies reveal more substantial improvements in HbA1c and other benefits (less hypoglycemia and reduced glycemic variability) with a very low — carbohydrate diet (VLCD).14 — 21 Although varying to some degree among studies, a VLCD is typically defined as ≤ 20 to 50 g per day of carbohydrates or ≤ 5 % to 10 % carbohydrates as a proportion of calories.22 — 24 In T1DM, small sample sizes and methodological issues limit the significance of VLCD benefits, and little is known about prevalence, practice, and sustainability.

There is substantial low - frequency atmospheric variability in the Pacific sector over the 20th century, with extended periods of weakened (1900 — 1924; 1947 — 1976) as well as strengthened (1925 — 1946; 1977 — 2003) circulation.

A record hot year in 2014 with no El Nino could well be an indication that the human forcing is beginning to over-ride natural variability and that the ENSO signal, though still very powerful, is becoming more and more muted by an increasingly substantial human heat forcing.

Excerpt: Sea level rise has been taking place almost monotonically over the past 8,000 years, with substantial decadal variability embedded in the trend.

Given the temperature trend acceleration in more recent decades (albeit with substantial sub-decadal variability, seemingly associated with the 11 - year solar cycle), I would estimate the «current» long - term temperature trend to lie somewhere within 0.13 - 0.19 K / Decade.

Over the past 60 years, Alaska has warmed more than twice as rapidly as the rest of the United States, with state - wide average annual air temperature increasing by 3 °F and average winter temperature by 6 °F, with substantial year - to - year and regional variability.1 Most of the warming occurred around 1976 during a shift in a long - lived climate pattern (the Pacific Decadal Oscillation [PDO]-RRB- from a cooler pattern to a warmer one.

The chapter 9 summary also conceded the discrepancy, but attributed it «to a substantial degree» to natural variability, with «possible» contributions from forcing — mentioning aerosols as well as solar and volcanics — and, «in some models», to too strong a response to greenhouse forcing:

There is medium confidence that this difference between models and observations is to a substantial degree caused by unpredictable climate variability, with possible contributions from inadequacies in the solar, volcanic, and aerosol forcings used by the models and, in some models, from too strong a response to increasing greenhouse - gas forcing.

There is substantial low - frequency variability, with extended periods of predominantly high values indicative of a weakened circulation (1900 — 1924 and 1947 — 1976) and predominantly low values indicative of a strengthened circulation (1925 — 1946 and 1977 — 2005).

I'm a little surprised to see people like Gavin apparently nailing his colours to the mast of the models being right, for one thing, his calculations (which may be mildly optimistic) only explain «most» of the model - data discrepancy, and it is worth noting that since the natural forcings and internal variability are relatively transient and short - term in nature, this view implies a substantial future near - term acceleration in order for the world to catch up with where the models say we should be.

Increasing attention is being paid to IPCC misrepresentations of natural oceanic variability on decadal scales (Compo and Sardeshmukh 2009): «Several recent studies suggest that the observed SST variability may be misrepresented in the coupled models used in preparing the IPCC's Fourth Assessment Report, with substantial errors on interannual and decadal scales (e.g., Shukla et al. 2006, DelSole, 2006; Newman 2007; Newman et al. 2008).

Most organizations are very familiar with uncertainty of many different kinds and even qualitative guidance can have substantial value in the design of robust adaptation strategies which minimize vulnerability to both climate variability and change.

We chose to focus solely on mothers to eliminate the possibility of substantial variability in the data, because evidence has indicated that there are marked differences in the responses of fathers and mothers to childhood critical illness.17 Of 212 eligible mothers, 38 (18 %) refused, with the majority stating that they were too stressed or too tired to participate (n = 17) or that they wanted to focus only on their children (n = 7).

Substantial levels of variability across residential buffers were observed for most of the examined environmental characteristics, with the exception of signs of crime / disorder.

Another possible reason for the failure to find more substantial relationships between the quality of the working alliance and treatment outcome has been proposed by Stiles et al [11], who found great variability in the correlation with outcome measures taken at different stages in the therapy.

A second analysis revealed a substantial degree of variability in children's outcomes following parental divorce, with some children declining, others improving, and most not changing at all.»