Chief among these are the capacity for self «organization, the teleological «directionality» that nature exhibits, and the emergence
within nature of human beings who «transcend the natural level.»
Not exact matches
But it
is one thing to state that all
human beings have some access to God's law
within and through
human nature, quite another to expect natural law theories based on reason alone to persuade others about contested moral issues in a context where such theories
are stripped
of their foundations in God as creator, lawgiver, and judge.
But it
's also true
within the larger context
of human reality that we recognize the gracious
nature of such relationships, and can
be thankful that we have the ability and freedom to give and receive.
So to summarize the salient features
of the preceding views
of nature and
human nature: One would place man above and outside
nature; the second would make man subservient to
nature, and ideally (for some) remove man from
nature; and the third would place man entirely
within nature, insisting also that
nature is all there
is.
The facts
of human perversity
are only too plain, and it
is by no means clear that by any processes
within our control or
within reasonable forecast
human nature may
be fundamentally improved.
Underlying this erroneous tendency, as Faith has pointed out many times over the last forty years,
is the implicit or explicit denial
of the transcendence
of God, the Divinity
of Christ, the historical objectivity
of revelation and the authority
of the Church in matters
of faith and morals, and also the denial
of the spiritual soul as a principle
of existence that
is distinct from yet integrates the material
within the unity
of our
human nature.
How much the CES actually cares about «the most profound metaphysical questions concerning
human existence and the
nature of reality»
within any recognisably Catholic perspective
is, however, to put it as mildly as possible, perhaps in some doubt.
The terrible personal cost
is not something demanded by the Father; it
is the consequence
of what sin has done to
human beings in destroying the image and glory
of God
within our
nature.
Human society is the natural outgrowth and expression of human nature which, like all created natures, is set within the Unity Law of Control and Direction, which is his new name for and conception of the Natural
Human society
is the natural outgrowth and expression
of human nature which, like all created natures, is set within the Unity Law of Control and Direction, which is his new name for and conception of the Natural
human nature which, like all created
natures,
is set
within the Unity Law
of Control and Direction, which
is his new name for and conception
of the Natural Law.
In redefining marriage and the family, the state not only embarks on an unprecedented expansion
of its powers into realms heretofore considered prior to or outside its reach, and not only does it usurp functions and prerogatives once performed by intermediary associations
within civil society, it also exercises these powers by tacitly redefining what the
human being is and committing the nation to a decidedly post-Christian (and ultimately post-
human) anthropology and philosophy
of nature.
If man
was to
be redeemed,
human nature must
be changed from
within, by the total offering
of aninnocent mind and will for the sake
of goodness and for the good
of others.
The bonds
of trust that bind communities together in shared faith, hope and charity will
be corroded from
within as
human nature itself withers like branches detached from the Vine.
It
is most certainly
within human nature to
be selfish and to
be born dead spiritually but that does not mean that we need to
be threatened, beaten or kicked into some kind
of religious conversion.
The rejection
of dualism and the full inclusion
of every aspect
of human reality
within nature profoundly affect how
nature is understood.
The reaction
of nature is a blindingly flashing red - light that man's actions
are unnatural; that he need
be true to his inner demands, which acted upon automatically set a proper balance
within human consciousness and adjust the physical conditions in the entire creation around him.
If as
human creatures we
are not so confined by law but that events can
be made to happen
within the order
of nature in response to purpose, surely God
is not so limited.
On the contrary, there
are standards
of right and wrong
within Christian tradition concerning
human sexuality, based in
human nature and biblical revelation, which
are acceptable to homosexual and heterosexual alike, and which can form the moral basis
of public policy.
God the progeny — the divine
nature not Just
of Jesus, but when manifested
within any
human being (and
within any
being at all to some degree, though in a different way)
There
is no longer serious doubt in my mind that
human life exists
within the womb from the very onset
of pregnancy, despite the fact that the
nature of the intrauterine life has
been the subject
of considerable dispute in the past.
The principles
of human action, like the processes
of nature, fall
within a universal order established by the Creator, to
be recognized at any level by those who have eyes to see and ears to hear.
Carl Henry, for example,
was able to respond to Jim Wallis's characterization
of the communal, over against the individual,
nature of the gospel by saying that he agreed with Wallis's communal definition.67» But Henry's individualistic view
of people
within human society, while allowing for the community
of the church, the importance
of the family, and a limited function for the state, remains largely atomistic.
Similarly, can one's doctrine
of human nature (which lies behind all discussion both
of homosexuality and
of women's place in the family and church)
be considered
of secondary interest
within Scripture?
«Holloway suggests that the concept
of environment
is a helpful way in which to preserve the relevance
of the subject without losing its realistic objectivity because a subject
is inherently related to its environment whilst at the same time distinct from it... We would propose it as a sort
of medium between... (the fairly uncritical) adoption
of the post-modern subject and... «scholastic rationalism»... If then we further understand the
human person as
being within a personal environment, that
of the living God... We can affrm that
human nature is intrinsically ordered to God» (page 4).
But, as I say, much more needs to
be included about the
nature of the
human body and the reasons why the marital context
is the morallycorrect context
within which sexual intimacy
is expressed.
In your excellent editorial article, you write: «There has
been a long - tradition
within Catholic catechesis for making a rational case for the immortal
nature of men... She (the Catholic Church) needs to make a renewed case for her teaching concerning the
human soul.
And the consequence
is that, having the
nature of man so strong
within him, he
is able to enter into
human nature, and to sympathise with it, with a gift peculiarly his own.»
Yet
within a framework
of disparate biological inheritance fixed by
nature and
of disparate social inheritance which
is the result
of both biological and
human forces, the democratic ideal requires that every person
be given an opportunity to experience the «abundant life» and do the work for which he
is best fitted.
The new
being produced could preserve all the positive constituents
of the old essence
within itself as its own properties (as for instance
human nature preserves all the reality
of lower
natures).
When we understand
human nature as the pinnacle and goal
of material development it all appears to come to nothing, or at least to frustration, without an end in God - and that quandary can not
be answered from
within the categories and potential
of created
being.
However, this «new kind
of reality,» who
is Jesus,
is an emergent manifestation
of God in
human life emanating from
within creation: «a unique manifestation
of apossibility always inherently there for
human beings by virtue
of their potential
nature being created by God... a new mode
of human existence emerged through Jesus» openness to God making him a God informed
human being» (ibid).
For us these
are the components
of reality that explain the
nature of the world, the phenomenon
of life
within it, and even how we
human organisms think through our brains.
But it does seem clear to me that we need to begin with a vision
of a world community (1) consisting
of a population
within the biological carrying capacity
of the planet (2) organized politically and economically in ways that provide to all
human beings equal access to the means
of material fulfillment and (3) organized technologically in ways that (4) neither exhaust essential natural resources
of earth nor (5) upset the delicate balances
of nature which make the environment capable
of supporting life.
The first thing to give us pause, as we survey the progress
of human collectivization,
is what I would call the inexorable
nature of a phenomenon which arises directly and automatically out
of the conjunction
of two factors, both
of a structural kind: first, the confined surface
of the globe, and secondly, the incessant multiplication,
within this restricted space,
of human units endowed by ever - improving means
of communication with a rapidly increasing scope for action; to which may
be added the fact that their advanced psychic development makes them preeminently capable
of influencing and inter-penetrating one another.
There
is something special about the world - and the
nature of the
human mind - which allows patterns
within nature to
be discerned and represented.
In September, Time magazine organized a debate between Collins and Dawkins which touched on all the crucial issues: the false idea that science and faith should
be held as not overlapping; the place
of Darwinian evolution in the plan
of God; the fine - tuning
of the physical constants
of nature; the literal interpretation
of Genesis; the place
of miracles including the incarnation and the resurrection
of Jesus; and the origin
of the moral law
within the
human heart.
(1) There
is the (partial) estrangement
of humankind from the world (or
nature), evidenced by (a) enmity between serpent and woman; (b) partial alienation
of man from the earth, upon which he must now toil for his food; and (c) pain
of childbirth, implying conflict even
within the (female)
human body.
If
human experience
is genuinely a part
of nature, and if there
be only one type
of actual entity
within nature (an idea whose truth - value must finally
be verified heuristically), then, since it
is that part
of nature one knows most intimately, it provides the best starting point for finding principles that can
be generalized to all actual entities.
They tell us that they have arrived at an unshakable conviction, not based on inference but on immediate experience, that God
is a spirit with whom the
human spirit can hold intercourse; that in him meet all that they can imagine
of goodness, truth, and beauty that they can see his footprints everywhere in
nature, and feel his presence
within them as the very life
of their life, so that in proportion as they come to themselves they come to him.
If all
is to
be conceived by analogy with our
human nature, then either Spinoza
is right and the eternal, immutable essence
of the cosmic soul necessitates everything in the cosmic body, and there
is no chance, randomness, or genuinely open alternatives either
within the world or as between this and other possible worlds; or there
is freedom both in our decisions and in God's.
As Yves Simon and Heinrich Rommen long ago demonstrated, there
is room for disagreement
within the tradition
of natural law about how one envisions the role played by God as the author
of human nature, or about the tortuous problem
of culpability when there
is deeply rooted perversity
of basic inclinations.
It should not startle us, then, to discover that there
are different degrees
within the continuum
of eminence comprised by
human nature: greater or lesser approximations to
human reason, fuller or feebler adumbrations.
In fact, all my anxieties run in the opposite direction: that, in order to affirm the uniqueness
of humanity
within organic
nature, as well as the unique moral obligations it entails, we will reject all evidence
of intentionality, reason, or affection in animals as something only apparently purposive, doing so by reference to the most egregiously vapid
of philosophical naturalism's mystifications — «instinct» — and thereby opening the way to a mechanistic narrative that, as we have learned from an incessant torrent
of biological and bioethical theory in recent decades, can
be extended to
human behavior as well.
Though the problem
is so rooted in the
nature of both Church and secular society that it
is always present, yet it has a peculiar urgency for the modern church which
is confronted with unusual evidences
of misery in the life
of human communities and
of weakness
within itself.
Hence McFague argues that when we put the world at risk with our unbridled exploitation
of nature, God, the God who
is incarnate
within the creation,
is at risk in
human hands.
So
are the miracle wheat and rice
of the Green Revolution, the technology
of behavior modification proposed by B. F. Skinner, 1 and the computerized model
of the global ecology produced by the authors
of The Limits to Growth.2 This kind
of reasoning operates
within the limits
of what
is possible as defined by (1) the available material and
human resources, (2) the laws
of nature, and (3) the state
of knowledge at the time.
Not only
was this myth meaningful
within Israel and the former generations
of Christian believers, but also to us living in the new world, three thousand years later, it still speaks powerfully, as it lights up for us our
human nature and our
human predicament.
They
are seeking what has
been called post-modern paradigms for «an open secular democratic culture»
within the framework
of a public philosophy (Walter Lippman) or Civil Religion (Robert Bellah) or a new genuine realistic humanism or at least a body
of insights about the
nature of being and becoming
human, evolved through dialogue among renascent religions, secularist ideologies including the philosophies
of the tragic dimension
of existence and disciplines
of social and
human sciences which have opened themselves to each other in the context
of their common sense
of historical responsibility and common
human destiny.
My thesis
is that the many visions
of perfection
are more or less the same or at least analogical, and therefore if each Faith keeps its ethics
of law dynamic
within the framework
of and in tension with its own transcendent vision
of perfection, the different religious and secular Faiths can have a fruitful dialogue at depth on the
nature of human alienation which makes love impossible and for updating our various approaches to personal and public law with greater realism with insights from each other.
This
is the biblical perspective
of creation: that we
are born into a world that
is given to us and not something
of our own making (Genesis 1 - 2, Psalm 8); that
humans have a place
within it but not the place (Job 34:14 - 15); that the whole
of this creation
is interconnected and in constant communication with itself in a complex way (Rom 8:29 - 23) and that
nature experiences destructive consequences as a result
of human disobedience
of God (see for example Genesis 3, 1 Kings 17 - 18, Romans 8).
This
is not simply a task
of intellectual understanding, but
of metanoia, in the fullest sense
of the word:
of conversion
of our spirit and culture,
of our technology and social relations, so that the
human species exists
within nature in a life - sustaining way.»