Petry (2001) showed that persons who were pathological gamblers, with and
without substance abuse disorders, had very high rates of discounting delay rewards in a behavioral task.
Not exact matches
Without treatment, depression can lead to problems at school, running away,
substance abuse, low self - esteem, eating
disorders, internet addiction, self - injury, reckless behavior (such as reckless driving, out - of - control drinking, and unsafe sex), violence / bullying, and suicide.
As girls approach adolescence, they reach a crossroads, which,
without proper support and guidance, may place them at risk for
substance abuse, depression, suicide, self - injury, eating
disorders, abusive relationships, sexually transmitted infections, or unwanted pregnancies.
A review of twenty studies on the adult lives of antisocial adolescent girls found higher mortality rates, a variety of psychiatric problems, dysfunctional and violent relationships, poor educational achievement, and less stable work histories than among non-delinquent girls.23 Chronic problem behavior during childhood has been linked with alcohol and drug
abuse in adulthood, as well as with other mental health problems and
disorders, such as emotional disturbance and depression.24 David Hawkins, Richard Catalano, and Janet Miller have shown a similar link between conduct
disorder among girls and adult
substance abuse.25 Terrie Moffitt and several colleagues found that girls diagnosed with conduct
disorder were more likely as adults to suffer from a wide variety of problems than girls
without such a diagnosis.26 Among the problems were poorer physical health and more symptoms of mental illness, reliance on social assistance, and victimization by, as well as violence toward, partners.
The
disorders considered in this report include (1) mood
disorders, including major depressive episode (MDE), dysthymia (DYS), and bipolar
disorder (BPD) I and II studied together for increased statistical power; (2) anxiety
disorders, including panic
disorder (PD), agoraphobia
without panic (AG), specific phobia (SP), social phobia (SoP), generalized anxiety
disorder (GAD), posttraumatic stress
disorder (PTSD), and separation anxiety
disorder (SAD); (3)
substance disorders, including alcohol
abuse (AA), alcohol dependence (AD), drug
abuse (DA), and drug dependence (DD); and (4) impulse control
disorders, including intermittent explosive
disorder (IED), oppositional defiant
disorder (ODD), and attention - deficit / hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD).
Without treatment, people who have bipolar
disorder often go through devastating life events such as marital breakups, job loss,
substance abuse, and suicide.
Diagnoses include anxiety
disorders (panic
disorder, agoraphobia
without panic
disorder, specific phobia, social phobia, generalized anxiety
disorder, posttraumatic stress
disorder, obsessive - compulsive
disorder, separation anxiety
disorder), mood
disorders (major depressive
disorder, dysthymia, bipolar I and II
disorders), a series of four
disorders that share a common feature of difficulty with impulse control (intermittent explosive
disorder, oppositional - defiant
disorder, conduct
disorder, attention - deficit / hyperactivity
disorder), and four
substance use
disorders (alcohol
abuse, drug
abuse, alcohol dependence, drug dependence).
Substance use
disorders were diagnosed
without hierarchy in the recognition that
abuse often is a stage in the progression to dependence.
All but 2 were made using diagnostic hierarchy rules, the exceptions being oppositional - defiant
disorder with or
without conduct
disorder and
substance abuse with or
without dependence.
Adolescents in the NCS - A were administered the fully structured Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) modified to simplify language and use examples relevant to adolescents.10 The DSM - IV and CIDI
disorders assessed include mood
disorders (major depressive
disorder or dysthymia, bipolar I or II
disorder), anxiety
disorders (panic
disorder with or
without agoraphobia, agoraphobia
without panic
disorder, social phobia, specific phobia, generalized anxiety
disorder, posttraumatic stress
disorder, separation anxiety
disorder), behavior
disorders (attention - deficit / hyperactivity
disorder, oppositional - defiant
disorder, conduct
disorder), eating
disorders (anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, binge - eating behavior), and
substance disorders (alcohol and drug
abuse, alcohol and drug dependence with
abuse).