Sentences with phrase «year against the climate»

Each tree stores an average of 10 kg of CO2 per year against the climate crisis.

Not exact matches

You may have missed this, but over the past two years, as Musk has been running Tesla and SpaceX, he's become the world's most prominent proponent of action against climate change.

With the entire House on next year's ballot — and about one - third of the U.S. Senate up for a vote, too — the stakes are high for those in the Bay Area who seek to erode the GOP's control of Congress and erect a new bulwark against Trump's agenda in areas like immigration and climate change.

In the seven years that the application languished under the Obama administration, it faced rising opposition amid a successful play among environmental leaders to make it a crucible in the fight against climate change.

The three - year, # 110 million UK Department for International Development (DFID)- funded Building Resilience and Adaptation to Climate Extremes and Disasters (BRACED) 1 programme aims to build the resilience of up to 5 million vulnerable people against climate extremes and disClimate Extremes and Disasters (BRACED) 1 programme aims to build the resilience of up to 5 million vulnerable people against climate extremes and disclimate extremes and disasters.

The biggest environmental story of the year was the company's enormous tar sands pipeline, and the backlash against it — a movement built around a simple idea: If this project is built, we can kiss a stable climate goodbye.

The U.S. Commission on International Religious Freedom, for example, noted in its 2015 annual report the increase in reports of violence in India in recent years and observed that a «climate of impunity» against wrongdoers appeared to exist in a number of Indian states, «exacerbating the social and religious tensions among communities.»

Through the work of four playwrights, Matt Charman, Moira Buffini, Penelope Skinner and Jack Thorne, the play follows several intertwining stories: a couple in a therapy session discuss the impact that the strong environmental beliefs of one, and the indifference of the other, is having on their relationship, a young woman, against her parents» advice, drops out of university to become a climate change activist, two birdwatchers who, for 40 years, have noted the recession of the ice through tracking the numbers of guillemots, and Ed Miliband's special adviser (SpAd) in the lead up to the Copenhagen Climate Confclimate change activist, two birdwatchers who, for 40 years, have noted the recession of the ice through tracking the numbers of guillemots, and Ed Miliband's special adviser (SpAd) in the lead up to the Copenhagen Climate ConfClimate Conference.

The lawsuit, against BP Plc, Chevron Corp, ConocoPhillips, Exxon Mobil Corp and Royal Dutch Shell Plc, follows similar lawsuits filed last year by San Francisco and other California cities seeking billions of dollars in damages from rising sea levels due to climate impacts.

On its website, We Are Europe states: «With Europe we've had 70 years of peace, and together we've led the world on issues from climate change and human rights, to the fight against global poverty...

The Case Against Further Green Taxes, followed on this year by The Burden of Green Taxes, pioneered testing existing green taxes against the scale of the externalities created by climate change — similar estimates have since been produced by other groups including Government deparAgainst Further Green Taxes, followed on this year by The Burden of Green Taxes, pioneered testing existing green taxes against the scale of the externalities created by climate change — similar estimates have since been produced by other groups including Government deparagainst the scale of the externalities created by climate change — similar estimates have since been produced by other groups including Government departments.

Over the next year we will go further in our efforts to eradicate fuel poverty and to deliver against our ambitious climate change targets.

The campaign against man - made climate change «hit a real low» last year but is beginning to recover, the leader of the Green party has said.

The other side of the «green» argument against nuclear power is the fear by some climate scientists that carbon emissions in New York could increase by more than 31 million metric tons during the next two years, if a number of nuclear power plants close.

Letter from AAAS CEO Rush Holt to Deputy Attorney General Rod Rosenstein Regarding Fingerprint Reporting Guidelines [March 28, 2018] AAAS Statement on FY 2018 Omnibus Bill Funds for Scientific Research [March 23, 2018] AAAS Statement on FY 2018 Omnibus Funding Bill [March 22, 2018] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Statement on Death of Rep. Louise Slaughter [March 16, 2018] AAAS CEO Urges U.S. President and Congress to Lift Funding Restrictions on Gun Violence Research [March 13, 2018] AAAS Statements on Elections and Paper Ballots [March 9, 2018] AAAS Statement on President's 2019 Budget Plan [February 12, 2018] AAAS Statement on FY 2018 Budget Deal and Continuing Resolution [February 9, 2018] AAAS Statement on President Trump's State of the Union Address [January 30, 2018] AAAS Statement on Continuing Resolution Urges FY 2018 Final Omnibus Bill [January 22, 2018] AAAS Statement on U.S. Government Shutdown [January 20, 2018] Community Statement to OMB on Science and Government [December 19, 2017] AAAS CEO Response to Media Report on Use of «Science - Based» at CDC [December 15, 2017] Letter from AAAS and the American Physical Society to Iranian President Hassan Rouhani Regarding Scientist Ahmadreza Djalali [December 15, 2017] Multisociety Letter Conference Graduate Student Tax Provisions [December 7, 2017] Multisociety Letter Presses Senate to Preserve Higher Education Tax Benefits [November 29, 2017] AAAS Multisociety Letter on Tax Reform [November 15, 2017] AAAS Letter to U.S. House of Representatives Ways and Means Committee on Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (H.R. 1)[November 7, 2017] AAAS Statement on Release of National Climate Assessment Report [November 3, 2017] AAAS Statement on EPA Science Adviser Boards [October 31, 2017] AAAS Statement on EPA Restricting Scientist Communication of Research Results [October 25, 2017] Statement of the Board of Directors of the American Association for the Advancement of Science on Scientific Freedom and Responsibility [October 18, 2017] Scientific Societies» Letter on President Trump's Visa and Immigration Proclamation [October 17, 2017] AAAS Statement on U.S. Withdrawal from UNESCO [October 12, 2017] AAAS Statement on White House Proclamation on Immigration and Visas [September 25, 2017] AAAS Statement from CEO Rush Holt on ARPA - E Reauthorization Act [September 8, 2017] AAAS Speaks Out Against Trump Administration Halt of Young Immigrant Program [September 6, 2017] AAAS Statement on Trump Administration Disbanding National Climate Assessment Advisory Committee [August 22, 2017] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Issues Statement On Death of Former Rep. Vern Ehlers [August 17, 2017] AAAS CEO Rush Holt and 15 Other Science Society Leaders Request Climate Science Meeting with EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt [July 31, 2017] AAAS Encourages Congressional Appropriators to Invest in Research and Innovation [July 25, 2017] AAAS CEO Urges Secretary of State to Fill Post of Science and Technology Adviser [July 13, 2017] AAAS and ESA Urge Trump Administration to Protect Monuments [July 7, 2017] AAAS Statement on House Appropriations Bill for the Department of Energy [June 28, 2017] Scientific Organizations Statement on Science and Government [June 27, 2017] AAAS Statement on White House Executive Order on Cuba Relations [June 16, 2017] AAAS Statement on Paris Agreement on Climate Change [June 1, 2017] AAAS Statement from CEO Rush Holt on Fiscal Year 2018 Budget Proposal [May 23, 2017] AAAS thanks the Congress for prioritizing research and development funding in the FY 2017 omnibus appropriations [May 9, 2017] AAAS Statement on Dismissal of Scientists on EPA Scientific Advisory Board [May 8, 2017] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Statement on FY 2017 Appropriations [May 1, 2017] AAAS CEO Statement on Executive Order on Climate Change [March 28, 2017] AAAS leads an intersociety letter on the HONEST Act [March 28, 2017] President's Budget Plan Would Cripple Science and Technology, AAAS Says [March 16, 2017] AAAS Responds to New Immigration Executive Order [March 6, 2017] AAAS CEO Responds to Trump Immigration and Visa Order [January 28, 2017] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Statement on Federal Scientists and Public Communication [January 24, 2017] AAAS thanks leaders of the American Innovation and Competitiveness Act [December 21, 2016] AAAS CEO Rush Holt raises concern over President - Elect Donald Trump's EPA Director Selection [December 15, 2016] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Statement Following the House Passage of 21st Century Cures Act [December 2, 2016] Letter from U.S. scientific, engineering, and higher education community leaders to President - elect Trump's transition team [November 23, 2016] Letter from AAAS CEO Rush Holt to Senate Leaders and Letter to House Leaders to pass a FY 2017 Omnibus Spending Bill [November 15, 2016] AAAS reaffirms the reality of human - caused climate change [June 28Climate Assessment Report [November 3, 2017] AAAS Statement on EPA Science Adviser Boards [October 31, 2017] AAAS Statement on EPA Restricting Scientist Communication of Research Results [October 25, 2017] Statement of the Board of Directors of the American Association for the Advancement of Science on Scientific Freedom and Responsibility [October 18, 2017] Scientific Societies» Letter on President Trump's Visa and Immigration Proclamation [October 17, 2017] AAAS Statement on U.S. Withdrawal from UNESCO [October 12, 2017] AAAS Statement on White House Proclamation on Immigration and Visas [September 25, 2017] AAAS Statement from CEO Rush Holt on ARPA - E Reauthorization Act [September 8, 2017] AAAS Speaks Out Against Trump Administration Halt of Young Immigrant Program [September 6, 2017] AAAS Statement on Trump Administration Disbanding National Climate Assessment Advisory Committee [August 22, 2017] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Issues Statement On Death of Former Rep. Vern Ehlers [August 17, 2017] AAAS CEO Rush Holt and 15 Other Science Society Leaders Request Climate Science Meeting with EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt [July 31, 2017] AAAS Encourages Congressional Appropriators to Invest in Research and Innovation [July 25, 2017] AAAS CEO Urges Secretary of State to Fill Post of Science and Technology Adviser [July 13, 2017] AAAS and ESA Urge Trump Administration to Protect Monuments [July 7, 2017] AAAS Statement on House Appropriations Bill for the Department of Energy [June 28, 2017] Scientific Organizations Statement on Science and Government [June 27, 2017] AAAS Statement on White House Executive Order on Cuba Relations [June 16, 2017] AAAS Statement on Paris Agreement on Climate Change [June 1, 2017] AAAS Statement from CEO Rush Holt on Fiscal Year 2018 Budget Proposal [May 23, 2017] AAAS thanks the Congress for prioritizing research and development funding in the FY 2017 omnibus appropriations [May 9, 2017] AAAS Statement on Dismissal of Scientists on EPA Scientific Advisory Board [May 8, 2017] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Statement on FY 2017 Appropriations [May 1, 2017] AAAS CEO Statement on Executive Order on Climate Change [March 28, 2017] AAAS leads an intersociety letter on the HONEST Act [March 28, 2017] President's Budget Plan Would Cripple Science and Technology, AAAS Says [March 16, 2017] AAAS Responds to New Immigration Executive Order [March 6, 2017] AAAS CEO Responds to Trump Immigration and Visa Order [January 28, 2017] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Statement on Federal Scientists and Public Communication [January 24, 2017] AAAS thanks leaders of the American Innovation and Competitiveness Act [December 21, 2016] AAAS CEO Rush Holt raises concern over President - Elect Donald Trump's EPA Director Selection [December 15, 2016] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Statement Following the House Passage of 21st Century Cures Act [December 2, 2016] Letter from U.S. scientific, engineering, and higher education community leaders to President - elect Trump's transition team [November 23, 2016] Letter from AAAS CEO Rush Holt to Senate Leaders and Letter to House Leaders to pass a FY 2017 Omnibus Spending Bill [November 15, 2016] AAAS reaffirms the reality of human - caused climate change [June 28Climate Assessment Advisory Committee [August 22, 2017] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Issues Statement On Death of Former Rep. Vern Ehlers [August 17, 2017] AAAS CEO Rush Holt and 15 Other Science Society Leaders Request Climate Science Meeting with EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt [July 31, 2017] AAAS Encourages Congressional Appropriators to Invest in Research and Innovation [July 25, 2017] AAAS CEO Urges Secretary of State to Fill Post of Science and Technology Adviser [July 13, 2017] AAAS and ESA Urge Trump Administration to Protect Monuments [July 7, 2017] AAAS Statement on House Appropriations Bill for the Department of Energy [June 28, 2017] Scientific Organizations Statement on Science and Government [June 27, 2017] AAAS Statement on White House Executive Order on Cuba Relations [June 16, 2017] AAAS Statement on Paris Agreement on Climate Change [June 1, 2017] AAAS Statement from CEO Rush Holt on Fiscal Year 2018 Budget Proposal [May 23, 2017] AAAS thanks the Congress for prioritizing research and development funding in the FY 2017 omnibus appropriations [May 9, 2017] AAAS Statement on Dismissal of Scientists on EPA Scientific Advisory Board [May 8, 2017] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Statement on FY 2017 Appropriations [May 1, 2017] AAAS CEO Statement on Executive Order on Climate Change [March 28, 2017] AAAS leads an intersociety letter on the HONEST Act [March 28, 2017] President's Budget Plan Would Cripple Science and Technology, AAAS Says [March 16, 2017] AAAS Responds to New Immigration Executive Order [March 6, 2017] AAAS CEO Responds to Trump Immigration and Visa Order [January 28, 2017] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Statement on Federal Scientists and Public Communication [January 24, 2017] AAAS thanks leaders of the American Innovation and Competitiveness Act [December 21, 2016] AAAS CEO Rush Holt raises concern over President - Elect Donald Trump's EPA Director Selection [December 15, 2016] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Statement Following the House Passage of 21st Century Cures Act [December 2, 2016] Letter from U.S. scientific, engineering, and higher education community leaders to President - elect Trump's transition team [November 23, 2016] Letter from AAAS CEO Rush Holt to Senate Leaders and Letter to House Leaders to pass a FY 2017 Omnibus Spending Bill [November 15, 2016] AAAS reaffirms the reality of human - caused climate change [June 28Climate Science Meeting with EPA Administrator Scott Pruitt [July 31, 2017] AAAS Encourages Congressional Appropriators to Invest in Research and Innovation [July 25, 2017] AAAS CEO Urges Secretary of State to Fill Post of Science and Technology Adviser [July 13, 2017] AAAS and ESA Urge Trump Administration to Protect Monuments [July 7, 2017] AAAS Statement on House Appropriations Bill for the Department of Energy [June 28, 2017] Scientific Organizations Statement on Science and Government [June 27, 2017] AAAS Statement on White House Executive Order on Cuba Relations [June 16, 2017] AAAS Statement on Paris Agreement on Climate Change [June 1, 2017] AAAS Statement from CEO Rush Holt on Fiscal Year 2018 Budget Proposal [May 23, 2017] AAAS thanks the Congress for prioritizing research and development funding in the FY 2017 omnibus appropriations [May 9, 2017] AAAS Statement on Dismissal of Scientists on EPA Scientific Advisory Board [May 8, 2017] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Statement on FY 2017 Appropriations [May 1, 2017] AAAS CEO Statement on Executive Order on Climate Change [March 28, 2017] AAAS leads an intersociety letter on the HONEST Act [March 28, 2017] President's Budget Plan Would Cripple Science and Technology, AAAS Says [March 16, 2017] AAAS Responds to New Immigration Executive Order [March 6, 2017] AAAS CEO Responds to Trump Immigration and Visa Order [January 28, 2017] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Statement on Federal Scientists and Public Communication [January 24, 2017] AAAS thanks leaders of the American Innovation and Competitiveness Act [December 21, 2016] AAAS CEO Rush Holt raises concern over President - Elect Donald Trump's EPA Director Selection [December 15, 2016] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Statement Following the House Passage of 21st Century Cures Act [December 2, 2016] Letter from U.S. scientific, engineering, and higher education community leaders to President - elect Trump's transition team [November 23, 2016] Letter from AAAS CEO Rush Holt to Senate Leaders and Letter to House Leaders to pass a FY 2017 Omnibus Spending Bill [November 15, 2016] AAAS reaffirms the reality of human - caused climate change [June 28Climate Change [June 1, 2017] AAAS Statement from CEO Rush Holt on Fiscal Year 2018 Budget Proposal [May 23, 2017] AAAS thanks the Congress for prioritizing research and development funding in the FY 2017 omnibus appropriations [May 9, 2017] AAAS Statement on Dismissal of Scientists on EPA Scientific Advisory Board [May 8, 2017] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Statement on FY 2017 Appropriations [May 1, 2017] AAAS CEO Statement on Executive Order on Climate Change [March 28, 2017] AAAS leads an intersociety letter on the HONEST Act [March 28, 2017] President's Budget Plan Would Cripple Science and Technology, AAAS Says [March 16, 2017] AAAS Responds to New Immigration Executive Order [March 6, 2017] AAAS CEO Responds to Trump Immigration and Visa Order [January 28, 2017] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Statement on Federal Scientists and Public Communication [January 24, 2017] AAAS thanks leaders of the American Innovation and Competitiveness Act [December 21, 2016] AAAS CEO Rush Holt raises concern over President - Elect Donald Trump's EPA Director Selection [December 15, 2016] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Statement Following the House Passage of 21st Century Cures Act [December 2, 2016] Letter from U.S. scientific, engineering, and higher education community leaders to President - elect Trump's transition team [November 23, 2016] Letter from AAAS CEO Rush Holt to Senate Leaders and Letter to House Leaders to pass a FY 2017 Omnibus Spending Bill [November 15, 2016] AAAS reaffirms the reality of human - caused climate change [June 28Climate Change [March 28, 2017] AAAS leads an intersociety letter on the HONEST Act [March 28, 2017] President's Budget Plan Would Cripple Science and Technology, AAAS Says [March 16, 2017] AAAS Responds to New Immigration Executive Order [March 6, 2017] AAAS CEO Responds to Trump Immigration and Visa Order [January 28, 2017] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Statement on Federal Scientists and Public Communication [January 24, 2017] AAAS thanks leaders of the American Innovation and Competitiveness Act [December 21, 2016] AAAS CEO Rush Holt raises concern over President - Elect Donald Trump's EPA Director Selection [December 15, 2016] AAAS CEO Rush Holt Statement Following the House Passage of 21st Century Cures Act [December 2, 2016] Letter from U.S. scientific, engineering, and higher education community leaders to President - elect Trump's transition team [November 23, 2016] Letter from AAAS CEO Rush Holt to Senate Leaders and Letter to House Leaders to pass a FY 2017 Omnibus Spending Bill [November 15, 2016] AAAS reaffirms the reality of human - caused climate change [June 28climate change [June 28, 2016]

Prime Minister Stephen Harper — who has been in office nearly a decade and is derided by environmentalists for his climate and pro-oil positions — is in an intense political fight against Justin Trudeau, the 43 - year - old leader of the Liberal Party and son of former Canadian Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau.

Hydrogen is «a highly flexible energy vector and energy carrier capable of serving as a weapon against climate change in a future, integrated multi-sector energy system,» said Mary - Rose de Valladares, manager of the International Energy Administration Hydrogen Implementing Agreement, which is developing a comprehensive road map on the production and utilization of hydrogen due for release early next year.

Specter, who faces a tough Democratic primary race next year, pushed back against committee Republicans who warned about the dire economic consequences that would come from passing the Senate climate bill.

, who once called global warming a «hoax» and was one of the loudest opponents against climate legislation last year, posted a blog last month mentioning recent cold weather events.

«We need to do everything we can to find effective drugs against the Zika virus, as changes in travel and climate have caused more tropical diseases to move into new parts of the globe,» said Kao, who has also spent 15 years studying the virus that causes hepatitis C.

Given the losses in Russia and Australia in the past year that constricted global supply and generated conflicts over rising food prices, this insurance against climate uncertainty is critical.

The European Union (EU), for example, has proposed a multi-stage process, whereby commitments for climate action post-2020 would be registered next year and then subjected to an international assessment to determine how well the commitments measure up against each other and against scientific assessments.

If one were keeping score in this game, which has lined up skeptics like Soon against most climate scientists, 2009 would be the year when it got rough.

The Wall Street Journal editorial page has for years railed against these scientific findings on climate change, even as the global consensus has reached nearly 100 percent of the scientific community, including the reports commissioned by the skeptical Bush White House.

Ebell has fought against climate policies for years, and he often suggests that climate scientists are working to advance their careers by promoting alarmist research that exaggerates the pace of climbing temperatures.

UPDATE... read here: populartechnology.net/skeptics-smeared-as-holocaust-deniers.html ----------------------------------- Many of us were shocked at hearing the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) had sharply criticized University of Alabama climate scientist Dr. Roy Spencer because he finally decided to defend himself against the constant stream of Holocaust - laced slurs and abuse that had been thrown his way by rabid global warming activists over years.

Against the backdrop of a vigorous year of questioning of climate science and the IPCC, the Met Office presented a review of its science and the evidence that climate change remains an active threat.

Tom appears challenged by the idea of building global climate models based on atmospheric physics and doing years of testing those models against actual data.

Some news outlets still haven't reported on the 3 - year - old sexual harassment allegations against prominent climate official, Rajendra Pachauri.

Despite Tolkien's adamant argument against the existence of allegory in his novel, it's difficult to watch the film without thinking of the world political climate before and during the first years of World War II.

Millennials represent the generation that most staunchly believes in global warming, and this will be the demographic that will lead the fight against climate change in the coming years.

This full - amortized fund provides targeted monthly cashflows of 8.5 % annually for 7 years, while aiding in the fight against climate change by significantly reducing carbon energy pollution.

This powerful breed was never a pampered court dog for royalty; for 6,000 years, it served shepherds in Turkey's harsh climate as the front line of defense against predators.

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Only two years passed for him, though, and the political climate in 2029 is at a crossroads with pro and anti-Augmented factions fighting against each other.

Celebration of Trees is presented in honor of Tu B'Shevat, the Jewish New Year for Trees, at a time when forests are increasingly important in the fight against Climate Change.

Argument against climate change: how will the earth have evolved in 200 -500 years: What is the foundation of your arguments for or against the climate change science — and have the students access research articles and mobile apps to state their positions for or against climate change.

Who knows, maybe in another 10 years or so, the WSJ editorial page will be claiming that they were never really against actions to deal with climate change but they just felt the science needed to be more certain first.

Earlier this year, Ron Harper aggressively lobbied against the Lieberman - Warner Climate Security Act of 2007 largely on the grounds that the cost to the consumer would be to high.

Checking 20 years of projections by the foremost global climate science panel against reality finds that the group has consistently underestimated the pace and impacts of climate change — with severe consequences for the public it is tasked to inform -LSB-...]

DeBuys finds that things will be fine for the 3.5 million people who currently depend on this water for daily use as long as (1) predictions of climate change models prove groundless, (2) the kind of droughts documented by tree rings and other records of past climate disruptions don't occur, and (3) the cities of central Arizona don't grow so much that they consume their agricultural buffer, their main protection against uncertain years ahead.

1) Has anyone run these against known initial conditions circa 1800 to determine how well they replicate known climate over the succeeding 200 year?

Tom appears challenged by the idea of building global climate models based on atmospheric physics and doing years of testing those models against actual data.

Each year, governments and firms estimate and report CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels, and their efforts to slow climate change are measured against these annual emissions.

In his resignation letter to United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki - moon, Pachauri said he'd planned to step down on Nov. 2 last year after the release of the final portion of the panel's fifth climate report, but «close friends and colleagues advised me against that action and to continue with outreach efforts worldwide.»

He suggested the year - end spending bill (which now serves the U.S. government in lieu of a «budget») could be the vehicle for Congress invoking its power of the purse against climate - change agreements.

[17] Before joining the Bush White House, Philip Cooney who had spent years on the payroll of the American Petroleum Institute where he worked as a leading lobbyist against regulation of the oil and gas industry and served as the former «climate team leader» of API.

Climate change doubters in those years were taking a page from the fight against the regulation of tobacco products, urging newspapers and radio and television networks to provide «balance» in their reporting of the science.

They used data from the past 8,000 years, particularly studying the climate and water changes in the Sierra Nevada mountains and cross-referencing it against the history of Pacific through marine sediment.

The models are gauged against the following observation - based datasets: Climate Prediction Center Merged Analysis of Precipitation (CMAP; Xie and Arkin, 1997) for precipitation (1980 — 1999), European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts 40 - year reanalysis (ERA40; Uppala et al., 2005) for sea level pressure (1980 — 1999) and Climatic Research Unit (CRU; Jones et al., 1999) for surface temperature (1961 — 1990).