Sentences with phrase «year cycle variations»

Hence, a reconstruction based solely on the sunspot number may underestimate the solar activity during the Maunder minimum.Therefore, we used in our reconstruction the solar modulation potential to calculate the long - term variations and the sunspot number to superpose them with the 11 - year cycle variations (see Appendix A).

Not exact matches

While there's a great deal of variation across individual market cycles, that's roughly the historical average for a 5.25 year market cycle: a 135 % gain, a 30 % loss, and a 65 % full - cycle return (about 10 % compounded annually, with the full - cycle return coming in at less than half of the bull market gain).

The tropical carbon cycle has become twice as sensitive to temperature variations over the past 50 years, new research has revealed.

Muller - Landau is interested in year - to - year variation in the cycles by which different species of trees grow and shed their leaves, fruit and flower.

The sediment cores used in this study cover a period when the planet went through many climate cycles driven by variations in Earth's orbit, from extreme glacial periods such as the Last Glacial Maximum about 20,000 years ago, when massive ice sheets covered the northern parts of Europe and North America, to relatively warm interglacial periods with climates more like today's.

11 Duration, in years, of a typical solar cycle, natural variations in the number of sunspots and flares that affect solar irradiance levels on Earth.

By studying the fossilized teeth of rodents from over a span of 22 million years, Jan van Dam of Utrecht University and his colleagues found that rodent species rise and fall in cycles that closely match variations in Earth's orbit.

The fact that the amplitude of the events vary from time to time implies slower variations, just like modulations of the sunspot number has led to the proposition of the Gleissberg cycles (80 - 90 years).

It should also be kept in mind that their analysis involved too short time series (24 years) for a proper local trend estimation, as local circulation variations (e.g. the North Atlantic Oscillation), the annual cycle, and inter-annual variations, most likely will make the analysis more difficult.

The mean insolation at Earth orbit is about 1366 W / m ^ 2; the peak - to - peak variation over the 11 year solar cycle is about 3 W / m ^ 2; the authors discuss two running averages derived from different satellite data sets and analysis derived by Willson and Mordvinov (2003) and Frohlich and Lean (1998) respectively.

The 11 years solar cycle acts an important driving force for variations in the space weather, ultimately giving rise to climatic changes.

Periods of volcanism can cool the climate (as with the 1991 Pinatubo eruption), methane emissions from increased biological activity can warm the climate, and slight changes in solar output and orbital variations can all have climate effects which are much shorter in duration than the ice age cycles, ranging from less than a decade to a thousand years in duration (the Younger Dryas).

Astronomers now know that these regular brightness variations are caused by Betelgeuse's rhythmic change in size over an approximately six - year cycle.

Kuhle explains the interglacial periods by the 100,000 - year cycle of radiation changes due to variations of the Earth's orbit.

If the Sun were a distant star, we could observe its 11 - year cycle as a variation in integrated H+K flux with this period and with a peak - to - peak amplitude some 30 % of the mean.

[Response: Such cycles would not produce temperature variations and power surges as extreme as Harms found them to have been.58 Certainly, we would not expect to see thousandfold variations in the ratio of 235U to 238U over distances of less than a thousandth of an inch, especially after 2 billion years.

[15:19]-- Another major source of histamine other than food is bacterial infections in the GUT [17:11]-- The two main enzymes that break down histamine [18:55]-- The GUT tests that Alison runs with clients [21:05]-- DAO (diamine oxidase) tests; Australia Immunopro, USA Dunwoody labs [21:24]-- Variation of DAO during a women's cycle [24:45]-- Genetic test for medication tolerance [33:05]-- H - Pylori and it's connection to histamine intolerance [37:45]-- Alison's treatment packages that she offers to her clients [42:57]-- Over the last 7 years of being a health coach what are some of the things that you've learned working with people [53:35]-- Graded histamine intolerance list

A typical, run - of - the - mill market cycle runs about 5 years in duration (though with a significant amount of individual variation).

[Response: From the Supporting Online Information: The 14 proxy series were each smoothed to remove variations on time scales shorter than 20 years by the application of a Gaussian - weighted filter that reduces the amplitude of 20 - year cycles by 50 % and shorter cycles by more than this.

Because of the variations of sunspots and faculae on the sun's surface, the total solar irradiance (TSI), also called the solar constant, varies on a roughly 11 - year cycle by about 0.07 %, which has been measured by orbiting satellites since 1978 [Lean, 1987, 1991; Wilson et al., 1981].

Narrowly scoped, the present situation is either strictly caused by solar variations (in which case I believe the «solar variation» crowd will inappropriately gain credibility over the next 10 to 20 years as we work through the next below average solar cycle or two), or strictly caused by CO2 concentrations (in which case I believe the «CO2 concentrations» crowd will inappropriately lose credibility as the non-linear relationship (sensitivity is based on doublings, not linear increases) between increased CO2 concentrations, and forecasts for below average solar cycles reduces the longer term upward trend in global temperatures).

However, the variations in the evolution are clearly not dominated by 11 - year cycles.

In general it's recognised that prediction of the so far unpredictable phenomena (El Nino's, La Nina's, the fine details of ocean circulation oscillations, volcanos and any solar variation outwith the 11 year solar cycle) that provide short term modulation of any trend is likley to be unfruitful at present.

These are well described cycles, which have become known as Milankovitch cycles, after the name of the Russian scientist who for the first time in the 1920s was able to correlate these orbital and rotational variations (which other scientists had known about for many years) with the dates of various ice ages which had been more recently determined.

1 Watt / meter squared TOA variation in TSI during a solar ~ 11 year cycle «may» contribute 0.1 degree temperature variation.

The glacial cycle of the past million years was forced by long - term orbital variations.

«What is generally required [for proving solar forcing of climate change] is a consistent signal over a number of cycles (either the 11 year sunspot cycle or more long term variations), similar effects if the timeseries are split, and sufficient true degrees of freedom that the connection is significant and that it explains a non-negligible fraction of the variance.»

«Today, scientists who study the links between solar activity and climate are confident that the small variations in TSI associated with the eleven - year solar cycle can not explain the intensity and speed of warming trends seen on Earth during the last century.

The mean insolation at Earth orbit is about 1366 W / m ^ 2; the peak - to - peak variation over the 11 year solar cycle is about 3 W / m ^ 2; the authors discuss two running averages derived from different satellite data sets and analysis derived by Willson and Mordvinov (2003) and Frohlich and Lean (1998) respectively.

This is the case even if there is a change in the mean radiance over decades (between solar cycles) because the year - to - year variation within a cycle is larger than the variation between cycles, and we measured solar radiance in 1999 - 2005.

For the ice age — interglacial variations of the last few million years, a transition occured within the last million years where a 100,000 year timescale seemed to become dominant, whereas previously the variations followed the obliquity (~ 40,000 years) and precession cycles.

I'm not kidding — despite the April 1st joke and the resemblance to astrology — Scafetta claims that there is a 60 - year cycle in the climate variations that is caused by the alignment of the great gas giants Jupiter and Saturn.

Over very long time periods such that the carbon cycle is in equilibrium with the climate, one gets a sensitivity to global temperature of about 20 ppm CO2 / deg C, or 75 ppb CH4 / deg C. On shorter timescales, the sensitivity for CO2 must be less (since there is no time for the deep ocean to come into balance), and variations over the last 1000 years or so (which are less than 10 ppm), indicate that even if Moberg is correct, the maximum sensitivity is around 15 ppm CO2 / deg C. CH4 reacts faster, but even for short term excursions (such as the 8.2 kyr event) has a similar sensitivity.

There are many other variations, including what time of year the billing cycle ends, how much net metered customers are compensated for their excess energy, and how long credits can carry over (some utilities allow credits to roll forward indefinitely).

Reality: Whilst there are many areas of interesting research with respect to the glacial - interglacial cycles of the Quaternary, we have a good understanding of the primary drivers i.e. orbital variations occurring over cycles of tens of thousands of years.

The variable A may represent a characteristic of the climate system (humidity, winds,...) or may characterize natural variations (e.g., in the seasonal cycle, or from year to year).

On multi-decadal timeframes, GH gas forcing and the PDO / AMO combination have been having fairly even in their relative forcing over the past century, but the GH gas forcing is growing so large that it now dominating these longer - term natural variations... so the kicker is that the rapidly increasing GH gases, now at their highest levels in millions of years, are very likely influencing the nature of ENSO, PDO, AMO, and other formerly «natural» cycles.

There is not the slightest influence of any natural cycle, as long as the inflows are equal to the outflows, which is nearly the case: the variation in net sink rate (0.5 - 3.5 GtC) over a year is less than the increase measured in the atmosphere...

Starting with the ice ages that have come and gone in regular cycles for the past nearly three million years, there is strong evidence that these are linked to regular variations in the Earth's orbit around the Sun, the so - called Milankovitch cycles (Figure 1).

Lots of people have pointed out that the climate variation can be modeled assuming an (approximately) 60 - year cycle and a gradual rise.

The National Research Council of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences has embraced the Milankovitch Cycle model... orbital variations remain the most thoroughly examined mechanism of climatic change on time scales of tens of thousands of years and are by far the clearest c...

The results obtained in our study for climatic variations millions of years ago indicate, in our opinion, that the 200 - year solar cycle exerted a strong influence on climate parameters at those time intervals as well.»

That is, all observed climate variations slower than the 20 - year Hale cycle of the Sun.

The long term trend (secular linear trend) is also an oscillation (~ 200 year and longer cycles)-- that means it's also a periodic variation.

Since nothing is happening beyond normal variation in the climate or weather, not even trends (with 1000 year plus cycles a short phase will look like a trend), then there is no measurable basis for claiming CO2 is changing the climate.

Remember that Marcott, et al., admitted that no temperature variations are preserved in their data «at cycles shorter than 300 years» — yet the entire history of thermometer measurements is less than half of that.

The structure of the Suess cycle is less complex showing a variation with a period of 170 — 260 years.

It propose a solution for the amplifying of the 11 years cycle, not sure if any study has been done on several decades variations?

For example, the reviewer that contacted you argued that my paper do not have to be published because he could reproduce the 11 - year solar cycle and its secular and millennial variation by superposing two harmonics with periods of 12 2/3 year and 14 year.

That is, he claimed that the 11 - year sunspot cycle plus its secular and millennial variation, which I was modeling very precisely with my model, could be produced also by this kind of formula f (t) = A * cos (2p * (t - T1) / p1) + B * cos (2p * (t - T2) / p2) Some variation on that formula does a good job, e.g. the one I used in my toy - example: «Sunspot Number» = SQRT (ABS (k * cos (π / p1 * t) + cos (π / p2 * t)-RRB--RRB-