Sentences with phrase «year study period by»

In the study, dietary fiber reduced the risk of dying from cardiovascular disease, infectious and respiratory disease over the nine - year study period by 24 to 56 percent for men, and 34 to 59 percent for women.

Not exact matches

During the 81 - year period looked at by the study, the Top 10 companies have never, as a group, outperformed the S&P 500 in subsequent years.

The researchers, led by PhD candidate Ericka G. Rascon - Ramirez, studied the experiences of more than 15,000 British girls aged 13 and 14 over a 10 - year period.

Perth's small business count rose by 0.5 per cent over the five year study period, but the number of small businesses in the rest of the state fell by 1.5 per cent.

-- Recent study by Pepperdine University and UpMo.com — «We estimate about 3.5 million jobs will created (from President Obama's stimulus plan) but it will be over a period of one to two years.»

In order to be consistent with some of the other studies mentioned previously, we redefined portfolio success by shortening the retirement period to 30 years.

(A recent study by three Boston University researchers found that patent trolls have cost publicly traded companies an average of $ 83 - billion annually over the past four years, more than a quarter of all U.S. industrial research and development spending during that period.)

A study from Dow Jones shows that, over a 14 - year period, the typical successful startup had 7.1 percent female executives versus 3.1 percent for unsuccessful startups, and research firm Catalyst says that Fortune 500 companies with the highest ratio of female directors outperformed those with the lowest such ratio by 53 percent on average.

Using U.S. Census data, the Kauffman Foundation found in a 2008 study that «the fraction of employment accounted for by U.S. private - sector business startups over the 1980 - 2005 period is about 3 percent per year».

Further, the shorter - term effects of capital punishment have been studied by examining the daily number of homicides reported in California over a ten - year period to ascertain whether the execution of convicts reduced the number.

A 2011 report from the Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research found that between 1985 and 2009, IRRI varieties and breeding lines contributed, on average, 50 % of the annual yield increases in southern Vietnam and the use of new varieties increased Vietnamese rice farmers» income by US$ 127 per hectare (in 2009 values) per year during the study period.

But while an early study by Baade suggested that this period can last up to 10 years, follow - up research by Eckstein and Delaney indicates that the period has recently gotten much shorter.

It is so bad, that a recent study analyzing children of divorce over a 50 year period by Stanford University demonstrates that children of divorce actually live five years shorter lives than children raised in intact two - parent married families.

In a now - classic study on crying, researchers Sylvia Bell and Mary Ainsworth at Johns Hopkins found that babies whose caregivers consistently responded quickly to their cries, cried less often and for shorter periods of time by the end of their first year.

A study from 2010 acknowledged, yes, «in the short - term, kids go through a one - to two - year crisis period when their parents divorce,» but the idea of staying together for the kids is problematic, especially if it's a high - conflict family, and that previous research indicating people should stay together «has been plagued by many data problems — reliance on small samples derived from one therapy clinic, retrospective reports, and cross sectional data.»

The researchers also calculated the rate of ACL reconstructive surgery and found that it increased by 3 percent per year over the study period.

Sadly, the fact is that, while they are one of the most - if not, the most - preventable of all catastrophic sports injuries, heat - related deaths among high school and college football players in the United States nearly tripled between 1994 and 2009, according to a new study by researchers at the University of Georgia, with an average of nearly three players dying each year during that time period versus about one death per year during the previous 15 years.

The increased socioeconomic inequalities in breastfeeding observed in the intervention group supports the argument that population intervention strategies could inadvertently exacerbate, rather than mitigate, socioeconomic inequalities, particularly when the intervention aims to change individual behaviours rather than targeting «upstream» structural changes.25 Our results are also compatible with an observational study from Brazil reporting that breastfeeding rates increased first among the socioeconomically better - off, followed by increases among the poor, over a 20 - year period of active breastfeeding promotion campaigns in Brazil.26

The effect of study size, age groups at outcome measurement (comparing those aged 16 — 30 y with those aged ≥ 50 y), year of birth, the method of ascertainment of infant feeding status (whether contemporary or recalled over a period of ≥ 5 y) was examined by using meta - regression and sensitivity analysis.

«Statewide, of the total sum allocated by CGR, NYS spent an average of about $ 1,800 per capita per year over the six year period of the study.

In 2015, he came to the University for Development Studies, Navrongo Campus for NPP TESCON programme when I was NDC TEIN president and preached a very terrible message by asking Ghanaians to make sacrifices like the people of Ivory Coast did some years ago and that «a country smaller in size and population compared to Ghana, which had endured bloody dispute in their last election, resulting in the loss and displacing of thousands of lives, had, in a short period, turned around their fortunes.

All the while, straphangers are being kept in the dark about the projects, with inadequate signage and announcements, according to the joint study by the office of City Comptroller John Liu and State Comptroller Thomas DiNapoli that sampled 50 diversions over a two - year period beginning in January 2009.

Based on a culmination of ten years of research work, the new method to estimate more accurate distances between planetary nebulae and the Earth developed by HKU astronomers promises a new era in scientists» ability to study and understand the fascinating if brief period in the final stages of the lives of low - and mid-mass stars.

For instance, a breakthrough 2013 study by Australian scientists compared modern dental calculus to that of a small set of European skeletons spanning some 8,000 years, from the Stone Age through the late medieval period.

The study, led by Mark Pletcher of the University of California, San Francisco, compared the effects of both cigarette and marijuana smoking over a period of 20 years in a group of more than 5,000 adults, part of a longitudinal study called Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA).

By studying these chemical signatures in the ash layer, Lane's team was able to estimate that Toba's eruption caused a minor, brief cooling of about 1.5 °C over a period of 20 to 30 years (PNAS, doi.org/mdw).

This is believed to be the first study to use a rigorous nutritional analysis to evaluate healthfulness of food and drinks marketed by music stars, reviewing dozens of advertisements that were disseminated over a 14 - year period.

A study in the June 2011 Cyberpsychology by researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles, used a novel form of content analysis to examine changes in the moral values communicated by television programming over a 50 - year period.

During the study period, the 2 - year age - adjusted incidence of injuries increased by 28 percent; the incidence of hospital admissions increased by 120 percent.

In 2004, a study of 3000 children, funded by the UK Department of Education, showed that an extended period of play - based preschool education made a significant difference to learning and well - being through the primary school years.

Heavier rainfall at the study sites from the year 0 to 400, and again during Europe's Medieval Warm Period, just before the Little Ice Age from about the year 800 to 1300, was probably caused by a centuries - long strengthening of El Niño.

For the booming moose population of Isle Royale, a key species in the world's longest running predator - prey study on the island, skulls have shrunk by about 16 percent over a 40 - year period.

The study also concludes that, over a 15 - year period, cutting the black carbon produced by burning fossil fuels, vegetation, dung and other sources could reduce the warming the Earth has experienced since the Industrial Revolution — about 0.8 degrees Celsius — by 17 to 23 percent.

The analysis by researchers at UC San Francisco, Stanford University, and UC Berkeley found that discrimination reported by Black patients declined significantly over the six - year study period, reducing the difference between Blacks and Whites from 8.2 percent to 2.5 percent.

Because the Daohugou Biota and the much better studied Jehol Biota are similar in preservational mode and geographic location, but separated by tens of millions of years, they give palaeontologists an outstanding, even unique, opportunity to study changes in the fauna of this region over a significant span of geological time and an important period in vertebrate evolution.

On average, data - based capital contributed just 0.015 per cent to UK GDP each year over the period studied by the team, even though investment in data - based assets in the UK reached US$ 7 billion in 2013 — which equates to around 40 per cent of the amount invested in R&D.

Another notable outcome: The occurrence of high vitamin D levels over 50 ng / mL increased during the 10 - year period of the study, from nine per 100,000 people at the start of the study up to 233 per 100,000 by the end.

Cathi Propper, a developmental psychologist at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, and her colleagues studied infants at several periods over their first year of life, inducing stress by separating them from their mothers.

In his recent study, he shows that these tasks were taken over in part by modern humans in the period between 45,000 and 12,000 years ago.

A study that synthesized more than 50 years of research into suicide rates for patients after discharge from psychiatric facilities suggests the immediate period after discharge was a time of marked risk and that the risk remained high years after discharge, according to a new article published by JAMA Psychiatry.

Between 1988 and 1998, sperm motility declined by 2.5 per cent per year and following a short period when stud dogs of compromised fertility were retired from the study, sperm motility from 2002 to 2014 continued to decline at a rate of 1.2 % per year.

Male twin Vietnam veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were more than twice as likely as those without PTSD to develop heart disease during a 13 - year period, according to a study supported by the National Institutes of Health.

How can anyone reasonably argue that the system is overwhelmed by people fighting to get a job where you study for 4 years, earn almost nothing during the study period, and finally become professionally qualified only to find yourself in the position of being unemployed, or employed only on short - term contracts?

«Our study has several distinct strengths compared to prior studies including the large number of participants, long - term follow - up, large number of cardiovascular events that were confirmed by medical record review, detailed information about diet and other cardiovascular disease risk factors, and repeated assessment of calcium supplement use over the 24 - year follow up period,» said Julie Paik, MD, MPH, BWH Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, lead study author.

DeConto and Pollard's study was motivated by reconstructions of sea level rise during past warm periods including the previous inter-glacial (around 125,000 years ago) and earlier warm intervals like the Pliocene (around 3 million years ago).

A 2009 study done by European scientists looked at hospital admission data from 12 major cities including Dublin, London, Barcelona, Athens and Rome from at least a three - year period.

The survey was initially completed by 3000 people annually, but that rose to 60,000 per year by the end of the 25 - year study period.

Study participants who traded time on the sofa for a total of 30 minutes of walking during the day reduced their risk of dying over a three - year period by 33 percent.

The sediment cores used in this study cover a period when the planet went through many climate cycles driven by variations in Earth's orbit, from extreme glacial periods such as the Last Glacial Maximum about 20,000 years ago, when massive ice sheets covered the northern parts of Europe and North America, to relatively warm interglacial periods with climates more like today's.

They estimated that, for each step - by - step increase in the women's consumption of red meat, there was a step - by - step increase in the risk of getting breast cancer over the 20 year study period.