Sentences with phrase «year variations»

Figure 2 illustrates the large year - to - year variation for five renewable energy areas from 1992 to 2008.

While some studies have shown changes in lightning associated with seasonal or year - to - year variations in temperature, there have been no reliable analyses to indicate what the future may hold.

The secret to the unique diversity of Lake Malawi's cichlid fish may be down to huge variations in climate and water levels over the years

This is the case even if there is a change in the mean radiance over decades (between solar cycles) because the year - to - year variation within a cycle is larger than the variation between cycles, and we measured solar radiance in 1999 - 2005.

However, lacking global observations of surface mass and ocean heat content capable of resolving year to year variations with sufficient accuracy, comprehensive diagnosis of the events early in the altimetry record (e.g. such as determining the relative roles of thermal expansion versus mass changes) has remained elusive.

Then the temperatures stay there, varying by less than a degree with hardly any year - to - year variation at all, up to about 1880, when the dotted line become solid — indicating (though this is not explicitly noted) that we have switched to modern thermometer measurements — at which point they begin to tick jerkily upward.

2) A better ability to constrain climate sensitivity from the past century's data 3) It will presumably be anticorrelated with year to year variations in global surface temperature that we see, especially from El Ninos and La Ninas, which will be nice whenever we have a cool year and the deniers cry out «global warming stopped!».

My understanding is that GCMs are run several times with known forcings (as far as we can determine them) but random natural variability (e.g. ENSO), so the end result is an «ensemble» of model runs characterised by mean, standard deviation etc. rather than following precisely the year - to - year variations of global temperature.

If undertaken over five years, the 1.5 percentage point hike for employers would be just 0.3 per cent per year, which is less than ordinary year - to - year variations in wages.

Over the years some variations have crept in and won my heart.

The Treasury reported a 3 per cent increase in real - terms administration costs over the same period (though with considerable year - to - year variation).

Professor Cox, from the College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences said «The year - to - year variation in carbon dioxide concentration is a very useful way to monitor how tropical ecosystems are responding to climate.

Muller - Landau is interested in year - to - year variation in the cycles by which different species of trees grow and shed their leaves, fruit and flower.

Less rain, more storm damage Ireland has assiduously collected rainfall data, with amounts for the past 12 years showing huge year - to - year variations.

Although many technological improvements have been made to both grape growing and winemaking over the last few decades, climate is often the wild card in determining year - to - year variations in quality.

For this new study, the researchers looked not only at crop yield, but also at year - to - year variation in crop area and double cropping.

That means that some, future years are likely to continue to set records, even if there will still be year to year variations.

The effect shows up clearly when the Homestake data are plotted as «running averages», a method which smooths out some of the extreme year - to - year variations (see Figure).

«But no matter the year - to - year variations, we found relatively consistent and definitive characteristics were shared by the majority of pools supporting Yosemite toad offspring compared to those unoccupied.»

In the study published in the Canadian Journal of Forest Research, the role of year - to - year variation in weather conditions was examined by increasing the estimated uncertainty of litter input originating from tree needles, foliage and fine roots by a 5 % random error.

This allowed the team to account for year - to - year variations in meteorological conditions, such as hot and dry vs. cool and wet, thereby getting a more detailed and statistically significant picture of future pollution levels.

The computer simulations revealed that these year - to - year variations in the polynyas greatly affected the glacier's melting rate.

«The mitigation of these effects at low cropload suggests that variations in cropload can make an important contribution to year - to - year variation in sweet cherry fruit quality and response to treatments,» the authors said.

«Forecasting how a major coastal ecosystem, the Chesapeake Bay, responds to decreasing nutrient pollution is a challenge due to year - to - year variations and natural lags,» said Donald Boesch, president of the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science.

For example, El Niño and La Niña described above characterize year - to - year variations of climate whereas the intra-seasonal time scale, discussed in our review article, bridges weather and climate, i.e. 20 to 100 days.

If the CRF were so important (and the cloud response near - instantaneous) why do we not see more pronounced ~ 11 - year variations in the global mean temperature?

Another equally important challenge is the fact that there are pronounced ~ 11 - year variations in the CRF, but the presence of ~ 11 - year variations in the global mean temperature are much less pronounced than the trend over the 3 — 4 most recent decades.

Although droughts have been a natural part of the year - to - year variations in the Amazon's climate, both the frequency and severity of droughts in the rainforest have been increasing over the last decade because of climate change, Aragão says:

An estimate of acorn - based carrying capacity during the past 21,000 y showed great year - to - year variations.

Given the dominance of ENSO on year - to - year variations, and the difficulty in predicting how ENSO will develop beyond six months, the prospects for useful year - to - year variations in global temperature beyond that is slim.

The report found that the majority of centres displayed little year - on - year variation.

Their statement, issued April 30, the first day of testing in the 432,000 - student system, argues that this spring's test results can not be used fairly to judge whether students should be promoted or sent to summer school, and whether schools should be penalized for year - to - year variations in test averages.

But during that period, there was substantial year - to - year variation in the number of instructional days students had prior to the test date.

There's no obvious explanation for whatever year - to - year variation we do see.

What schools need to keep an eye on is the upper and lower limits of their own year - by - year variation in exam results.

«I think the real difficulty is that it's very hard in any system to catch the full complexity and reduce it to a single grade rating, also you're looking at year to year variations, rather than looking at trends over time.»