In the early 1950s, Robert Briggs and Thomas King repeated Spemann's experiments using a species of leopard frog, Rana pipiens, first with a nucleus
from young embryos (Briggs and King, 1952) then from older embryos (King and Briggs, 1954); both the younger and older implanted nuclei could still be reprogrammed by the enucleated host cell.
Many people sympathize with this relative unconcern for
very young embryos, and pro-abortion lobbyists therefore harp on the point.
However, FISH only looks at eight chromosomes, and concerns have been raised about whether removing cells from
such young embryos can damage them.
Reversing the fluid that flows
past young embryos can reverse the embryo's left - right layout.
That led Mitalipov to try a different approach, using
even younger embryos made of a whisper of four totipotent stem cells — cells that are even more flexible, able to develop into any cell type.
Scientists were even more stunned in July 2002 when researchers led by stem cell biologist Catherine Verfaillie at the University of Minnesota reported that bone marrow — derived cells they had injected
into young embryos contributed to all three embryonic layers, just as embryonic stem cells would do.
Stem cells provided
by young embryos could be coaxed into becoming a diversified range of specialized cells to regenerate and repair various body parts.
This definition excludes stem cells that are cultivated
from younger embryos that have yet to reach the 70 - 100 cell blastocyst stage.
They focused on two proteins, called FRGY2a and b, that are expressed only in eggs and
young embryos.
The younger the embryo, the more likely it is to integrate any human cells.