Sentences with phrase «zonal surface»

Forest 2006, along with several other climate sensitivity studies, used simulations by the MIT 2D model of zonal surface and upper - air temperatures and global deep - ocean temperature, the upper - air data being least influential.

Merlis, T. M., and T. Schneider, 2011: Changes in zonal surface temperature gradients and Walker circulations in a wide range of climates.

Climate models may therefore lack — or incorrectly parameterize — fundamental processes by which surface temperatures respond to radiative forcings... In contrast with climate model simulations, the zonal surface temperature changes... do not increase rapidly from mid to high latitudes.»

A strong Pacific zonal surface ocean temperature gradient has existed for the past 12 million years.

Not exact matches

Researchers generally think that the zonal winds arise from convection, the tendency of hotter gases to rise and cooler gases to fall, he says, although they don't agree whether the convection that produces the stripes reaches to the planet's core or takes places only near the surface.

Here, we isolate a specific fingerprint in the zonal mean surface temperature profile that is associated with QRA - favorable conditions.

(The specific dataset used as the foundation of the composition was the Combined Land - Surface Air and Sea - Surface Water Temperature Anomalies Zonal annual means.)

This is confirmed by viewing the correlation between surface zonal wind and Nino 3.4 SST data.

The improved simulation of ENSO amplitude is mainly due to the reasonable representation of the thermocline and thermodynamic feedbacks: On the one hand, the deeper mean thermocline results in a weakened thermocline response to the zonal wind stress anomaly, and the looser vertical stratification of mean temperature leads to a weakened response of anomalous subsurface temperature to anomalous thermocline depth, both of which cause the reduced thermocline feedback in g2; on the other hand, the alleviated cold bias of mean sea surface temperature leads to more reasonable thermodynamic feedback in g2.

«Their study shows that the time - dependent response of zonal mean surface temperature differs significantly from its equilibrium response particularly in those latitude belts, where the fraction of ocean - covered area is relatively large.

The sea ice in the Siberian Arctic is peaking, its effect on the meridional temperature gradient strong, promoting increased zonal flow of large - scale winds, which advect warm air and moisture over the Eurasian continent from the Atlantic and disrupt vertical stratification near the surface and promote high cloudiness, both of which lead to increasing temperatures — greatest at low altitudes and high latitudes.

«This study examines variability in zonal mean surface - observed upper - level (combined midlevel and high - level) and low - level cloud cover over land during 1971 — 1996 and over ocean during 1952 — 1997.

The evolution of global mean surface temperatures, zonal means and fields of sea surface temperatures, land surface temperatures, precipitation, outgoing longwave radiation, vertically integrated diabatic heating and divergence of atmospheric energy transports, and ocean heat content in the Pacific is documented using correlation and regression analysis.

The GISS zonal Arctic temperature trends are consistent not only with the DMI Arctic trends but also the trends from other recent Arctic surface temperature studies (see the advanced version for more details).

The highest zonal winds are around 60 — 70 metres per second (135 — 155 miles per hour) at 65 — 70 km (40 — 43 miles) above Earth's surface.

Despite zonal gradients in boundary layer and cloud vertical structure, surface radiation and cloud radiative forcing are relatively uniform in longitude.

These six variables are: sea - level pressure (P), zonal (U) and meridional (V) components of the surface wind, sea surface temperature (S), surface air temperature (A), and total cloudiness fraction of the sky (C).

Figure 9.6 (fourth row) shows that climate models are only able to reproduce the observed patterns of zonal mean near - surface temperature trends over the 1901 to 2005 and 1979 to 2005 periods when they include anthropogenic forcings and fail to do so when they exclude anthropogenic forcings.

If the surface pressure distribution begins to shift to a more meridional / equatorward pattern as it did around 2000 then if previously it was in a poleward / zonal mode it is clear that warming will have ceased and cooling has begun due to more global cloudiness and less solar energy getting into the oceans.

In northern mid-latitudes during summer, the zonal average increases near the surface are about 30 ppb or more, raising background levels to nearly 80 ppb, threatening attainment of air quality standards over most metropolitan and even rural regions, and compromising crop and forest productivity.

The Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC)-- characterized by warm surface waters flowing northward and cold deep waters flowing southward throughout the Atlantic basin — is defined as the zonal integral of the northward mass flux at a particular latitude.

Then search for Drake Passage, Meridional and Zonal sea surface temperature gradients and J.R. Toggweiler GFDL.

Surface maps (left) and combined Pacific / Atlantic zonal mean sections (right) are given for scenario IS92a as averages over three time periods: 2011 to 2030 (top), 2045 to 2065 (middle) and 2080 to 2099 (bottom).

Further, to understand the difference in the zonal - mean hydrologic response between different forcings, it is necessary to look at the surface terms (e.g., Chen and Ramaswamy, 1996).

The ECCO flow fields show that the near ‐ surface meridional Ekman transport, directly driven by the zonal wind stress, is nearly balanced by return flows below the shallowest topography at 60 ° S (∼ 1300 m at this Drake Passage latitude), with the return transport being slightly lagged in time relative to the Ekman transport.

Ramanathan, V., Lian, M. S., & Cess, R. D. Increased atmospheric CO2: Zonal and Seasonal Estimates of the Effect on the Radiation Energy Balance and Surface Temperature.

The NCEP / NCAR Reanalysis is the database the researchers drew upon for information about the effects of troposphere humidity, wind shear and zonal stretching deformation on hurricane intensity; sea surface temperature data came from a different database.

Thus the more energy from the sun the faster the hydrological cycle will run with warmer ocean surfaces, more zonal and / or more poleward jets and a faster expulsion of energy to space.

We reconstructed sea surface temperature, El Niño — Southern Oscillation (ENSO) activity, and the tropical Pacific zonal gradient for the past millennium from Galápagos ocean sediments.

For the change in annual mean surface air temperature in the various cases, the model experiments show the familiar pattern documented in the SAR with a maximum warming in the high latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere and a minimum in the Southern Ocean (due to ocean heat uptake) evident in the zonal mean for the CMIP2 models (Figure 9.8) and the geographical patterns for all categories of models (Figure 9.10).