But in this class of models, an «AD shock» is a difference between actual AD and expected AD. (worthwhile.typepad.com)
And by that, most writers mean actual ads. (kriswrites.com)
That number «was more than [Trump] spent on actual ad buys in all media during all of 2015,» the study notes, and the candidate's total advertising value was 1.5 times what Bush, Rubio and Cruz got. (fortune.com)