Understand your performance in the context of actual holdings. (evestment.com)
Clearly, actual holding periods, particularly short - term ones, could produce significant capital gains or losses — primarily for long - term bond funds with average maturities of bonds in the portfolio over 10 years. (aaii.com)
The practice of issuing gold claims in amounts that exceeded actual holdings came to be known as fractional reserve banking (the number of gold receipts floating was only «fractionally reserved» by the amount of physical gold). (ritholtz.com)