Rare variations, by contrast, are more likely to alter protein expression or function and therefore have a direct or causal association with a disease. (sciencedaily.com)
She explains: «Even the seemingly most determinant causal association in medicine (such as the relationship between smoking and lung cancer) is really just a probability» (p. 26). (ascd.org)
«We need further research to verify these findings, but if these results reflect causal associations, then acetaminophen should no longer be considered a «safe» drug for use in pregnancy,» Olsen said. (sciencedaily.com)