However, few studies have directly assessed its effect on teaching practice, nor used methods that permit causal interpretations of the impacts of ability - grouping on student outcomes. (gse.harvard.edu)
This sensitivity relates to the difficulty in attaching causal interpretations to these results. (pnas.org)
First, the cross-sectional design prevents causal interpretations or exploration of how shifts in parent — adolescent relationship characteristics affect diabetes management over time. (academic.oup.com)