A similar approach to that described here was undertaken by Spira et al. where the expression of 13 genes, including some putative oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, was deemed irreversible upon cessation of smoking. (bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com)
Pioneering studies by Dean Ornish, M.D., called the Lifestyle Heart Trial, combined a plant - based diet with exercise, stress reduction, yoga, social support and love, and cessation of smoking to reverse advanced heart disease. (mindbodygreen.com)
In order to resolve the causal direction of associations, a series of panel waves is required to capture a sufficiently high variation in individuals» onset and cessation of smoking. (journals.plos.org)