After studying in classes préparatoires for 2 years in preparation for the nationwide, competitive examinations for entry to the French Grandes Écoles, Schwartz won an invitation to join the prestigious École Polytechnique in Palaiseau, near Paris. (sciencemag.org)
Applicants who meet the Preliminary Qualifications must also successfully complete all subsequent assessment components of the OPM competitive examination which evaluates the competencies, or knowledge, skills, and abilities, essential to performing the work of an ALJ. (resume-place.com)
In France, teachers, or professors, are mainly civil servants, recruited by competitive examination. (en.wikipedia.org)