Question: My dog who is a 7 year old shih - tzu has had 2 cystotomy surgeries in the past year (2016). (1800petmeds.com)
We also perform cystotomies for removal of bladder stones, gastrointestinal surgery and mass removal surgery. (rsfvets.com)
Indications for cystotomy include a variety of non-neoplastic (urolithiasis, trauma / rupture, congenital abnormalities, etc.) and neoplastic disorders. (svsvet.com)