Finally, they include a brief discussion of the structural approaches to program evaluation including economic models that can lay the groundwork for estimating direct and indirect effects of a program. (aaas.org)
Changes in ocean chemistry can have extensive direct and indirect effects on marine organisms and the ecosystems in which they live. (reefresilience.org)
However, model complexity is necessary to quantify the anthropogenic impact on climate via the aerosol direct and indirect effects. (giss.nasa.gov)