Previous research shows stem cells grown on hard substrates go on to multiply but do not differentiate: a process by which the cells specialize to perform specific functions in the body. (sciencedaily.com)
Large artifacts, such as cannons and anchors, provide hard substrate and rugosity that create an ideal habitat for corals, fish and other biota. (discovermagazine.com)
Now, Graham and colleagues are waiting to see whether the species becomes a permanent resident, perhaps encouraged by declining coastal water quality and a growing thicket of offshore oil drilling platforms, which may provide the perfect hard substrate for a bottom - dwelling life stage. (sciencemag.org)