In 17 per cent of cases the suspicion turned out to be unfounded, the suspect data either being correct or the product of honest error. (newscientist.com)
Retractions, whether for honest error or misconduct, diminish future citations to researchers» old papers by 10 % to 20 %, a study says (sciencemag.org)
Unreliable data may result from honest error or from research misconduct. (bmj.com)