"Instinctual drives" refer to innate or natural impulses or urges that humans and animals have, which motivate behavior and actions. These drives are automatic and are not learned or consciously controlled. Full definition
Subsequently, just as Clerk Maxwell's field theory revolutionized the mechanical conception of physics by suggesting that action and reaction could take place anywhere within a given field of electrical energy even without the objects having to be in direct contact with one another, so too, Sullivan, drawing upon Maxwell's in - sights, drastically challenged the underpinnings of Freud's instinctual drive theory, by placing greater emphasis on the notions of relation and interdependence. (religion-online.org)
2 The id was connected to causal efficacy by William C. Lewis, M.D., a psychiatrist, in his article on «Structural Aspects of Psychoanalytic Theory of Instinctual Drives, Affects and Time,» in Norman S. Greenfield and William C. Lewis (eds.) (religion-online.org)
He viewed the ego as a puny being caught between powerful instinctual drives and id impulses, on the one hand, and the harsh demands of society, intemalized in the superego, on the other. (religion-online.org)