We find that test item format explains approximately 25 percent of the variation in gender achievement gaps among states. (cepa.stanford.edu)
Items targeted anxiety related to test item format (n = 3). (scirp.org)
In conclusion, Exploratory Factor Analyses from data in Study 1 indicated support for five factors: social consequences; to include concerns regarding how parents, friends, classmates and teachers may view test performance; item types; to include items related to anxiety across item formats; and temporal aspects of anxiety; that is how stress is felt before, during, and after an exam. (scirp.org)