When confined between other materials, however, the behaviour of water is influenced by atomic interactions with material surfaces. (sciencedaily.com)
The combination of a denser precursor, reduction in material surface transfer problems and elimination of the need to break chemical bonds with the electron beam allows fabrication up to five orders of magnitude — a factor of 5,000 — faster than the earlier gas - phase technique. (sciencedaily.com)
TGS relies on inducing and subsequently monitoring periodic excitations on material surfaces using a laser. (sciencedaily.com)